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This designation is used for any candidate who is placed on the ballot when the United States can't find someone from a major political party. It is evidence of voter fraud. I didn't think too much of it until I bumped into it again by starting the Honor Harrington series. The space station is more like something out of Duke Nukem than anything else. In this story they talk about using NPA space marines to take over the station.

After reading Britannica there are two salient facts about the Etruscans that are think are important. One, they referred to the country they are in as "Etruria." I've seen the word before on a map of the Roman Republic in the Oxford History of the Roman World. I didn't know if it was the name the Etruscans used themselves or just what a historian called their territory. It's about the size of a European Duchy. Second, their original city in Italy is called "Villanova." These facts are not covered in Herodotus's The Histories.

The third Inochina war is between China and Vietnam. "Since the border war of February-March 1979, there have been negotiations held at irregular intervals between China and Vietnam. These negotiations have been held in part to discuss the border problems. But there has been no sign of progress in this area. Despite pledges of entering the talks with good intentions by both sides, neither government has made significant efforts to get beyond name calling and symbolic attempts to settle the issues." Hood, Steven J.. Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War (p. 117). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. That's the very beginning of the book. Now let's get back to the 0th Indochina war, that is WWII. WWII started On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Pub.L. 77–328, 55 Stat. 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Now for the lead up to the war: Britannica: When Japanese troops entered northern Indochina in September 1940 (in pursuance of an agreement extorted in August from the Vichy government of France), the United States uttered a protest. Germany and Italy, by contrast, recognized Japan as the leading power in the Far East by concluding with it the Tripartite, or Axis, Pact of September 27, 1940: negotiated by Japanese foreign minister Matsuoka Yosuke, the pact pledged its signatories to come to one another’s help in the event of an attack “by a power not already engaged in war.” Japan also concluded a neutrality pact with the U.S.S.R. on April 13, 1941. Aha! Notice, when this happened, the United States entered a protest. That's the watershed event. But, FDR limited the American response to Japan’s aggressive moves to extension of another $50 million credit line to China. He ratcheted up pressure on Japan by adding scrap steel and iron,vital to Japanese industrial production, to his list of embargoed exports. Wortman, Marc. 1941: Fighting the Shadow War: A Divided America in a World at War (pp. 120-121). Grove Atlantic. Kindle Edition. I didn't realize we already had an embargo at that point. After the Japanese invaded southern French Indochina in July, the United States cut off oil exports to Japan. With the conflict in China rapidly consuming Japan’s already scarce resources and the trade embargo imposed on the country only tightening, Tokyo was determined to expand deeper into Southeast Asia to secure new sources of oil and other war-making materials. Kupchan, Charles A.. Isolationism (p. 286). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition. More specifically, from Britannica On July 2, 1941, the Imperial Conference decided to press the Japanese advance southward even at the risk of war with Great Britain and the United States; and this policy was pursued even when Matsuoka was relieved of office a fortnight later. On July 26, in pursuance of a new agreement with Vichy France, Japanese forces began to occupy bases in southern Indochina. Some more Britannica, This time the United States reacted vigorously, not only freezing Japanese assets under U.S. control but also imposing an embargo on supplies of oil to Japan. Dismay at the embargo drove the Japanese naval command, which had hitherto been more moderate than the army, into collusion with the army’s extremism. When negotiations with the Dutch of Indonesia for an alternative supply of oil produced no satisfaction, the Imperial Conference on September 6, at the high command’s insistence, decided that war must be undertaken against the United States and Great Britain unless an understanding with the United States could be reached in a few weeks’ time. That lead up to the war is awful exciting. I should really interject something here about the end of World War II. From the wikipedia Victory over Japan Day (also known as V-J Day, Victory in the Pacific Day, or V-P Day[1]) is the day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect bringing the war to an end. The term has been applied to both of the days on which the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made – August 15, 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, August 14, 1945 (when it was announced in the United States and the rest of the Americas and Eastern Pacific Islands) – as well as to September 2, 1945, when the surrender document was signed, officially ending World War II. From Brittanica, Truman designated MacArthur as the Allied powers’ supreme commander to accept Japan’s formal surrender, which was solemnized aboard the U.S. flagship Missouri in Tokyo Bay: the Japanese foreign minister, Shigemitsu Mamoru, signed the document first, on behalf of the Emperor and his government. He was followed by General Umezu Yoshijiro on behalf of the Imperial General Headquarters. The document was then signed by MacArthur, Nimitz, and representatives of the other Allied powers. Japan concluded a separate surrender ceremony with China in Nanking on September 9, 1945. With this last formal surrender, World War II came to an end. I find the separate peace with China puzzling because if you watch the video, a Chinese general does sign the document. It's worth noticing that Japan surrenders to several countries in that video including the Netherlands. I think this document was a basis for SEATO. The country obviously left out of the alliance: China. Victory over Japan led to the First Indochina War which ended in the battle of Dien Bien Phu. The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Việt Minh opponents in the south dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Việt Minh,[30] led by Hồ Chí Minh[31] and the People's Army of Vietnam led by Võ Nguyên Giáp.[32] Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in northern Vietnam,[33] although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. From the footage it looked like the French capitulated rather than surrendered. There is footage of a British CH-47F performing a rescue operation. [youtube] Victory at Dien Bien Phu - YouTube [/youtube] It's worth pointing out that the first Indochina war was fought in the north and won by the communists. Then American got involved. And the first thing we tried was an election. This information is not available on the wikipedia or Britannica any longer, but in 1954 the United States held a 3 way race for president of South Vietnam, the contenders were Ngo Dinh Diem, Bo Dai, and Ho Chi Minh. There was widespread accusations of voter fraud. The result was the Second Indochina War. The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi?n tranh Vi?t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War,[56] and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chi?n ch?ng M?) or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.[10] Some other postulated starting dates for the Vietnam War are the assassination of president Diem 2 November 1963, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution August 7, 1964 or the arrival of a marine expeditionary force in March 3, 1965. It's worth pointing out that the second Indochina war was fought in the south, and once again won by the communists. If you want to get particular about it you could say WWII wasn't finished until the legal status of Germany (a searchable topic on the wikipedia) was settled The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (German: Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland[a]), or the Two Plus Four Agreement (German: Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag; short: German Treaty), was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous Two), and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. World War II was a victory for NATO. Vietnam was not a victory for SEATO. The allied casualties for the second Indochina War look rather dreadful on the wikipedia. And they don't even include the UK or France. I am looking for a Vietnam documentary with the acoustic version of Revolution by the Beatles on it - that is older. The modern one with Ken Burns has it, but that isn't fair.

I think the historical analog for Le Roi is the good king Chlodio, and that for Johan it is Merovech. I thought I saw mentioned a legendary castle and a forest on the wikipedia. I will check back someday maybe and fill in more. Maybe try the Johan and Peewit comic books. K, the fort is called Dispargum, and what I think is supposed to be a forest is called Thuringia. This puts a lie to the movie (which takes place before the TV series) being set in the middle ages. It's more like after the fall of Rome and before the complete breaking of the Pax Romana. Pardon, that is a misuse of the phrase "Pax Romana." Before all hell broke loose? I rewatched the movie, I found the dialog from Peewit "But you sire?" and when I heard that I thought it was the name of the king in French. They've updated Britannica enough now to indicate that Merovich is the father of Childeric I who is the father of Clovis I. That is the beginning of the Merovingian Dynasty. Oddly, there's an episode guide to the Smurf's on the wikipedia that lists 9 seasons. It has been overhauled. It appears to have more of a narrative flow than the 16 seasons available for free with a subscription to Boomerang on Amazon. I honestly wish I could compare, especially the early episodes. The Boomerang episodes appear too short for American broadcast, and are definitely not the originals. The episode Vanity Fair is not the original first episode. It is a remake of an episode that originally aired before King Smurf. The spelling f-a-r-e is odd. That's a synonym for "fee." Shouldn't it be fair as in "Scarborough Fair?" or Vanity Fair the magazine? By way of comparison, Fraggle Rock costs more to rent and has DVD and Blu-ray collections.

🙂 Isn't there an old Roman ethic that historians should stick to res publica or something like that? Plutarch - Parallel Lives. First Century. Greece of late antiquity during the Pax Romana. The height of the power of the Roman empire. Plutarch is wiki'd as a biographer (Britannica as well) rather than a historian. Originally written in Koine Greek. Dio Cassius - The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus. Originally written in Latin. Peter Brown - the World of Late Antiquity. I didn't know about this one until I wiki'd late antiquity not knowing exactly what it referred to. He is a modern historian exploring what we call the Dark Ages. Originally in English. Eric H Cline - 1177 BC the year civilization collapsed - an exclamation point to the end of Mycenean Greece. I didn't think we'd ever know exactly when it came to an end, but why not? That would be the end of what most people consider the ancient world. Originally in English. Procopius - The Secret History The story of Justinian's reign. Originally in Koine Greek. Ian Wood - the Merovingian Kings - covers neither Clovis I nor Charlemagne, so it's not that interesting. It's really missing Merovich, Childeric I, Clovis I, the book as is, Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and his 3 sons. That puts the timeline from the namesake of the line through the end of the Carolingian Empire, in 816, as seen by the Catholic church. Originally in English Geoffrey of Monmouth - The History of the Kings of Britain - AFAIK this is the original story of king Arthur included. Written in the 12th century, in Welsh. It appears he is an Angle? He is fighting the Saxons in Britain. There's no Excalibur or anything really exciting. As an added bonus, I'd like to provide the definition of history from the Encyclopedia Britannica: History, the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes.

This movie picks up quite a bit at the end. It features Christians being eaten by lions, which is why I didn't like the empire when I was young. That's one of the first stories that I heard. What's the difference now? As saint Augustine wrote, Rome is the city of God. Anyways, this movie appears to reveal that Terpnos is the name of the devil in Roman mythology. The name pops up on the cast list when you watch it on Amazon. If the devil is Terpnos in Roman mythology, is it Typhon in Greek? That might be too easy. Typhon is the monster that fought Zeus in Greek mythology.

An excellent topic that it so much easier to discuss in the Kindle era. There are 3 historical historians, now 10, that I know about especially relevant to this forum. Edward Gibbon - The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. I found his name frequently when reading about current events when I was in highschool. Orignally in English. By an Englishman. Saint Gregory of Tours - A History of the Franks. Disappointing. Modern material is better. Specifically, The Dark Ages and Clovis. Originally in Latin Seutonius - The Lives of the Twelve Caesars - this is a historical work as well and I have no idea when it was first published in English. It dates from the 2nd century. Originally in Latin Herodotus - The Histories. About ancient Greece before the fall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. His name is very famous and I've known it since I was a child. His name appears in the game Civilization and its sequels along with several variations on it partly as a running gag that produces rankings in various metrics for each civilization as the game progresses. In fact, the running gag depends heavily on how well you do. If you do really well you'll get a list of civilizations written by Herodotus or say, Bill Clinton. If you do badly, you get something like Ryu-odotus. Originally in ancient Greek Herodotus does not claim that Etruscans came from Asia Minor. Thucyides - History of the Peloponnesian War. Originally in ancient Greek.

This is what the Dark Ages has to say about the fall of Gaul: By the second quarter of the fifth century the Franks were firmly established on the Scheldt and Meuse and lower Rhine, where the Roman garrisons never reappeared after the usurper Constantine had carried off the northern frontier legions to aid him in his attack on Italy (406). By this time, too, Colonia Agrippina, first of the great Roman cities of the Rhineland, seems to have already fallen into the hands of the Franks. Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918 A.D. (p. 39). Augustine Books. Kindle Edition. and this, not altogether unsupportive of Clovis's son, is what the Decline and Fall has to say The Thuringians served in the army of Attila: they traversed, both in their march and in their return, the territories of the Franks; and it was perhaps in this war that they exercised the cruelties, which, about fourscore years afterwards, were revenged by the son of Clovis. They massacred their hostages, as well as their captives: two hundred young maidens were tortured with exquisite and unrelenting rage; their bodies were torn asunder by wild horses, or their bones were crushed under the weight of rolling waggons; Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Penguin Classics) (p. 430). Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition. I don't have any good quotes from it, but another work about the downfall of Rome that is primarily a religious work is City of God by Saint Augustine.

I will point out that except for griping about Clovis's son, there isn't much in there about the European monarchies. Perhaps the most memorable quote is this "The story of its ruin is simple and obvious; and instead of inquiring why the Roman empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long. The victorious legions, who, in distant wars acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the Purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military government was relaxed, and finally dissolved, by the partial institutions of Constantine; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians." Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Penguin Classics) (p. 449). Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition. That quote is the most important quote from any historian ever, it is about the nature of the relationship between freedom and self defense.

The common answer to this is with a book, Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

Theodric is the guy who beat Clovis I. But this did not secure peace between the new kinsmen of Theodoric. In 499 Chlodovech fell on Gundobad, to strip him of his realm, routed him, and shut him up in Avignon, the southernmost of his strongholds; but after many successes the Frank lost all that he had gained, and turned instead to attack the king of the Visigoths. Theodoric strove unsuccessfully to prevent both wars, and was not a little displeased when, in 507, his brother-in-law Chlodovech overran southern Gaul, and slew his son-in-law Alaric in battle. Burgundian and Frank then united to destroy the Visigoths, and might have done so had not Theodoric intervened. The heir of the Visigothic throne was now Amalric, the son of Alaric and of the king of Italy’s daughter. To defend his grandson’s realm Theodoric declared war both on Chlodovech and on Gundobad, and sent his armies over the Alps to save the remnants of the Visigothic possessions in Gaul. One host crossed the Cottian Alps, and fell on Burgundy; another entered Provence, and smote the Frank and Burgundian besiegers of Aries. With his usual good fortune, Theodoric recovered all Gaul south of the Durance and the Cevennes (509), so that the conquests of Chlodovech were confined to Aquitaine. Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918 A.D. (pp. 20-21). Augustine Books. Kindle Edition.

The French kingdom may not have started until the reign of Hugh Capet because that's when the Duchy of Franconia entered into the French kingdom. That's too late for a beginning of the dark ages. IIRC, I think the answer that I once put on a test and got right was the death of Childeric I, Clovis I father. Why that? Because that's when Clovis I started on the rampage. That would be 481 AD. I was graded on the event, not the year. The National Geographic world history book implicitly chooses the death of Childeric I, saying that in 481 the Franks had a new king. The headings here are Gregory’s. "Clovis Becomes King (II 27) On Childeric’s death [a. 481/82, at Tournai], his son Clovis reigned in his place." Gregory of Tours: The Merovingians: 10 (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) . University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Kindle Edition. There is a reprint of a letter written to him to congratulate him from the Catholic church. LETTER OF BISHOP REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS TO CLOVIS, a. 481/2 In 481 or 482, at the time of his succession to the kingship of his father, Clovis was still a boy, probably of fifteen. There were other kings of the Franks at the time. The following letter is best dated to Clovis’s succession, but some would date it following his defeat of Syagrius in 486 (below, 46, c. 27). The author of the letter, Bishop Remigius, was metropolitan of Belgica secunda. Bishop of Rheims for over seventy years (ca. 458-ca. 532), Remigius outlived Clovis by two decades; he is also the author of a letter on the occasion of the death of the king’s sister (40, below) and another letter that dates just after the king’s death (44, below). A letter that Remigius received from Sidonius Apollinaris is also extant (37.21). Source: Epistolae Austrasicae, no. 2, ed. W. Grundlach, MGH Epistolae 3: Epistolae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi, with Emendata by Bruno Krusch, pp. 719-20; reprinted (and re-edited in conformity with Krusch’s emendations) in CCSL 117, ed. Henri Rochais. Translation by A.C. Murray. Bishop Remigius to the noted lord, greatly esteemed for his merits, King Clovis. Great news has reached us that you have taken up the administration of Belgica secunda. It is no surprise that you have begun to be as your parents ever were. You, who have already reached the very top by the practise of humility, must see to it through your merit that God’s favorable judgment does not turn from you, for, as the saying goes, the deeds of a man are tested. From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) . University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Kindle Edition. "In the third quarter of the fifth century the most important of the Frankish chiefs of the Merovingian line was a prince of the Salians, named Childerich, who dwelt at Tournay, and ruled in the valley of the upper Scheldt. He died in 481, leaving his throne to his sixteen-year-old son and heir, a prince named Chlodovech or Chlodwig, who was destined to found the great Frankish kingdom, by extinguishing the other Frankish principalities, and conquering" Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918 A.D. (p. 40). Augustine Books. Kindle Edition. What about the legality of his claim? Precisely because Clovis I ended up inheriting a title from his father in law and not his father, this worth looking into. Salic law was first issued while Clovis I was an adult. What was the legal system that Clovis I's father was living under? "The Frankish period is rich in legal sources, though these are frequently beset with major problems of interpretation. A number of law codes were in use in one way or another in the Merovingian kingdom: the Breviary of Alaric (a version of the Theo-dosian Code, cf. 32), the Burgundian Code (first issued by King Gundobad), the Salic Law, the Ribvarian Law; and beyond the Rhine, in the seventh and eighth centuries, Alamannian and Bavarian codes." From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) . University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Kindle Edition. Burgundian law will tell us whether his father in law may leave his Burgundian title to his son in law. Again, what were the laws for his father? Now, Clovis I title may have changed when coronated in 509 "In 509 (A.D.) he was elected king by the Ripuarians, and raised upon a shield in the city of Cologne, according to the Frankish custom, amid general acclamation. "And thus, said Gregory of Tours, " God daily prostrated his enemies before him and increased his kingdom, because he walked before him with an upright heart, and did what was pleasing in his eyes!" — so completely did his services to the Catholic Church conceal his moral deformities from the eyes of even the best of the ecclesiastical historians." Collection, .. Clovis . Editions Le Mono. Kindle Edition. Interestingly, you can look up events for each year from 481 to 509, what leaps out is that 509 is the death of Chlodoric, the old king of the Ripuarian Franks. Manoralism started during late antiquity and there's no reference to feudalism in medieval documents until after Hugh Capet, so I don't think anything epoch changing happened between Childeric's death and Clovis's coronation. "The term "feudal" or "feodal" is derived from the medieval Latin word feodum. The etymology of feodum is complex with multiple theories, some suggesting a Germanic origin (the most widely held view) and others suggesting an Arabic origin. Initially in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service was called a beneficium (Latin).[ 16] Later, the term feudum, or feodum, began to replace beneficium in the documents.[ 16] The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive..." Wikipedia contributors. Focus On: Feudalism: Feudalism, Prince, Serfdom, Nobility, Lord, Peasant, Emirate, Charter, Manorialism, Motte-and-bailey Castle, etc. (Kindle Locations 177-184). Focus On. Kindle Edition. So basically feudalism started after the fall of the Carolingian Empire. Curiously, IIRC, the title of the French king in the 100 years war is "Prince de Paris." Currently, it is the name of a restaurant in Casablanca. Did Clovis have control of Paris? With a closer reading of the wikipedia, "Clovis I united all the Frankish petty kingdoms as well as most of Roman Gaul under his rule, conquering the Domain of Soissons of the Roman general Syagrius as well as the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse. He took his seat at Paris, which along with Soissons, Reims, Metz, and Orléans became the chief residences. Upon his death, the kingdom was split among his four sons." So, yes he did have control of Paris. Note, in the books Dark Ages and History of France when it refers to the emperor it means the eastern, Byzantine emperor. On to the origin of the Basilica of Saint-Denis: "Dagobert I who, as every French schoolboy knows, put on his trousers inside out.* But he also did a good deal more. In 630 or thereabouts he annexed Alsace, the Vosges and the Ardennes, creating a new duchy, and he made Paris his capital. Though his debaucheries were famous – hence the perfectly idiotic little song – he was deeply religious and founded the Basilica of Saint-Denis, in which he was the first French king to be buried." Norwich, John Julius. A History of France (p. 30). Grove Atlantic. Kindle Edition. According to the wikipedia "The Basilica of Saint-Denis (French: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of singular importance historically and architecturally as its choir, completed in 1144, shows the first use of all of the elements of Gothic architecture.[citation needed] "The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times. The archaeological remains still lie beneath the cathedral; the people buried there seem to have had a faith that was a mix of Christian and pre-Christian beliefs and practices.[1] Around 475 St. Genevieve purchased some land and built Saint-Denys de la Chapelle. In 636 on the orders of Dagobert I the relics of Saint Denis, a patron saint of France, were reinterred in the basilica. The relics of St-Denis, which had been transferred to the parish church of the town in 1795, were brought back again to the abbey in 1819." Now I remember his title on his tomb is prince of the Bergundians, a title he took from his father in law. Brittannica comments "His baptism is considered one of the formative dates in French history. For Catholics, he was the first major Germanic Catholic king, and Pope John Paul II celebrated a mass in Reims in 1996 in honour of the 15th centenary of his baptism." Now his marriage: "Clovis Marries Chlothild (II 28) Another king at the time was Gundioc, king of the Burgundians [a. 455–73/74?], from the lineage of that [Gothic] persecutor [of Christians] Athanaric [† 381]. He had four sons: Gundobad, Godigisel, Chilperic, and Godomar. Gundobad put his brother Chilperic to the sword, tied a stone around the neck of Chilperic’s wife, and drowned her. He sentenced her two daughters to exile. The elder of the daughters was called Crona; she put on the habit of a religious. The name of the younger was Chlothild." Gregory of Tours: The Merovingians: 10 (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) . University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Kindle Edition. As to his royal title, the first French king in Paris to have control of the Duchy of Franconia is Hugh Capet. That's well after Charlemagne. Clovis's title needs to be enumerated title after birth title after father's death title after marriage title after baptism title after coronation in 509 by the Ripuarians title at tomb in Paris 1) prince of the Salian Franks 2) king of the Salian Franks 3) ???? 4) ???? 5) ???? 6) prince of the Bergundians, which I remember from a history textbook from Stingley elementary. Also, there was a climactic battle between Clovis I and the Byzantine emperor. IIRC they fought one on one and the Byzantine emperor had the victory. Clovis I was married before he was baptized, and his first child by his wife died. "Now the king of the Burgundians was Gundevech, of the family of king Athanaric the persecutor, whom we have mentioned before. He had four sons; Gundobad, Godegisel, Chilperic and Godomar. Gundobad killed his brother Chilperic with the sword, and sank his wife in water with a stone tied to her neck. His two daughters he condemned to exile; the older of these, who became a nun, was called Chrona, and the younger Clotilda. And as Clovis often sent embassies to Burgundy, the maiden Clotilda was found by his envoys. And when they saw that she was of good bearing and wise, and learned that she was of the family of the king, they reported this to King Clovis, and he sent an embassy to Gundobad without delay asking her in marriage. And Gundobad was afraid to refuse, and surrendered her to the men, and they took the girl and brought her swiftly to the king. The king was very glad when he saw her, and married her, having already by a concubine a son named Theodoric." Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks (p. 41). Neeland Media LLC. Kindle Edition. "In the meantime, the faithful queen presented her son for baptism and had the church adorned with hangings and drapery, so that he who could not be prevailed upon by instruction might more readily be brought to believe by this mystery. The boy was baptized and called Ingomer, but he died, still wearing the white robes of his baptism. The king as a result became bitter and was not slow to reproach the queen." Gregory of Tours: The Merovingians: 10 (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures) . University of Toronto Press, Higher Education Division. Kindle Edition. From Britannica: "Gregory places Clovis’s baptism in 496 and characterizes his subsequent battles as Christian victories, particularly the engagement with the Visigoths in 507 that has long been identified with Vouillé but now is believed to have occurred at Voulon near Poitiers, France. Gregory portrays the Visigothic war as a campaign against Arian heresy. " Now to really confuse the issue there's a quote from Pharamund to Clovis I that says the qualifiers on the names are wrong "This is another merger of the bloodlines Clovis (466-511AD) who became King of the Salian Franks at the age of 15, was also an Roman official. FIRST FRANKISH KINGS Kings of the Salian Franks Pharamund (370-430 AD) Clodion (395-448 AD) Mérovée (411-458 AD) Childeric II (437- 481 AD) Clovis (466-511 AD) 2" of Antrustions, Order. From Pharamund to Clovis: History of a Sacred Bloodline (pp. 13-14). UNKNOWN. Kindle Edition. So, in addition to the possibility of the Dark Ages starting with the death of Childeric I, there are three related events. His final title, prince of the Bergundians, came from his father in law, the king of the Bergundians. I remember being taught that the decision on when the dark ages starts is made by historians, not the pope. However, a papal bull on the issue might still be informative. The Roman emperor tried to get rid of Clovis by stripping of his title in multiple steps. He betrayed the empire with his victory at Soissons. He also strangled his first bastard son and first legitimate son to death. Making him unholy. ex-communion - Clovis I strangling his eldest son to death imposition - the Roman emperor stripping Clovis I of his title of the king of the Salian Franks the ban of ???? - banning any progeny of Clovis I from the French monarchy - was this a joint act of the French nobility? I remember they had to reconvene the Nicene Council. I believe the text from Stingley leaned towards ex-communion as the start of the dark ages. I would say it were the imposition. This material came up because the instructor subjectively asked me, "how'd Clovis lose?" Dear God, Ben Russell thought we were talking about how we lost Vietnam. What came up was the meaning of legitimate children. Some thought that legitimate children were produced asexually, which shocked me. Thus, we quoted Bill Cosby himself, "natural child birth." Macbeth, " Be bloody, bold, and resolute: laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth." Shakespeare, William. Macbeth (p. 84). Global Publishers. Kindle Edition. "Despair thy charm, And let the angel whom thou still hast served Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb Untimely ripp’d." Shakespeare, William. Macbeth (pp. 127-128). Global Publishers. Kindle Edition. A discussion of caesarian section. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is made from clay and I'm not sure that was mentioned. "The goddess Aruru, she washed her hands, took a pinch of clay, threw it down in the wild. In the wild she created Enkidu, the hero, offspring of silence, knit strong by Ninurta." Penguin Classics. The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Classics) (p. 4). Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition.

Was Dorian Greek anything like Mycenaean or Macedonian?

legerdomain means the debtors of society and lenderdomain means the creditors of society

persona non grata in Latin mean the person shall not be pleasing

the people in Sapanish are "gente" Is it possible that Etruscan was the lingua franca of the Roman empire? jus sanguinis and jus solis have posts discussing their modern significance on Youtube. IIRC, that is not how these issues were spelled before. jus sanguis and jus soilis, IIRC.

Now that I know the voice actor for Galvatron, Michael "Akkad" Kirkuk Gibraltar, is Kurdistan Assyria? And is Kirkuk the same as the ancient city of Akkad?

Is Semitism similar to Akkadian?

persona mob = mob The Hebrews of the bible appear to be paid. It is not clear in what sense they were slaves. I think they were indentured, that is the sense they were slaves. They were indentured in the sense what the Pharoah wanted was a vaccine for sea anemone poison for the release of the jews. I have been told or have theorized in the past that a slave is someone who must worship the God of their sovereign against their will. Silliness, the jews had their God, and the pharoah had his, Osiris. The word is legerdomain for those who must worship the God of their sovereign. I'm trying to remember a court decision, and its possible reversal. I remember a peculiar decision "the people shall not be construed as to include the legerdomain of society."

What is the word for "people" in Etruscan?

One of the epic rap battles of history had what looked like a real image of Octavian. The Roman soldiers looked - shocking. It appeared as a comedy sketch after one of the epic rap battles. Has anyone seen the Youtube video?

Is there a book about how early Christians felt about the pardon power in Rome?

Are we sure that Alexander the Great is dead? Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis

After Seven Years from Raymond Moley.

What were the lowest paid positions in the army?