The key words to answer the question of the topic-starter will be "nomina facit", "negotium conficit".
In short, Romans would have special ledgers to record their creditlines, and the ledgers would be managed independently.
It is worth checking the PhD work by the following fella
1978, English, Microform, Thesis edition:
Bankers, moneylenders, and interest rates in the Roman Republic / by Charles T. Barlow.
https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002947/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21318655?selectedversion=NBD2342223
A more interesting question is how Romans made money transfers between different parts of the empire. Here the key word to check would be "permutatio". This required publicans (tax collectors) to participate.