guy

Thanks. It’s our backyard and it’s a mess. Being from Pittsburgh, I am fascinated by cactus plants and palm trees. When the cacti bloom, they are absolutely beautiful. The flowers last just a few days, however. Fortunately, my wife deals with the nasty prickly cactus spines (and the far-too-many scary black widow spiders).

There has been further assessment of the coin hoard found a couple years back: “In September 2019, Cotswold Archaeology carried out an archaeological watching brief during groundworks associated with residential development at Project Aquarius, Bamfield, Hengrove, Bristol. A coin hoard, consisting of pottery vessel container, copper-alloy scale pan lid, and 309 bronze and silvered-bronze coins, was recovered following emergency attendance during development groundworks. The recovered coin assemblage dates exclusively to the middle of the 4th century AD and included a significant number of coins struck by the usurpers Magnentius and Decentius, who ruled the western provinces of the Roman Empire between 350 and 353.” “The Hengrove hoard is an unusual cache of coins from the mid-fourth century, deposited in a large ceramic jar with the scale pan possibly used as a lid closing the vessel’s opening and sealing the coins inside. The most recently struck coin within the hoard was from the Arles mint, and dated to between 355 and 358, and it is unlikely that the hoard was buried any later than AD 360. Therefore, it is one of a comparatively small number of coin hoards from Britain dating to the later 350s, but the unusually large quantities of coins of the usurpers Magnentius and Decentius mean that it is unlike most contemporary finds. The reasons for the Hengrove hoard’s burial and non-recovery are not known and it is possible that the coins were deposited in the political aftermath of the usurpers’ defeat and suicides. The further coin hoard also discovered within the site in the 19th century is also of interest, although it’s relationship to the hoard recovered during the current works is not possible to determine at this stage.” https://legacy-reports.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/content/uploads/2022/01/CR0192-Project-Aquarius-Hengrove-Bristol-WB-report-CR0192_11.0.pdf https://cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/a-roman-coin-hoard-from-hengrove-bristol/

“Serves Diocletian right, the quitter! I was just thinking of the vast basement of his retirement villa in Split where you almost expect to see the curvature of the earth hiding the far massive walls. That basement has paid admission, yet is fairly empty and ready for newfound exhibits.“ Despite spending most his time outside of Rome (and retiring in Split, Croatia), Diocletian had a great archaeological footprint in Rome. The Baths of Diocletian (the largest Imperial Bath) is a wonderful building complex. I wonder if the Diocletian spolia is related to some unfinished building project associated with the Baths. I would like to visited Split sometime to see Diocletian’s palace. A nice side trip to the island Hvar would be nice. Hvar is about 40 miles (60 Km) from Split, about a two hour ferry.

Spolia is the repurposed decorative sculpture used for new buildings. Much of the sculptural relief of the Arch of Constantine consists of reliefs and statues from previous monuments to Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. University of Pennsylvania archaeologist C. Brian Rose now suggests some of the spolia was also from an earlier unfinished monument to Diocletian: Here’s an excellent video on the Arch of Constantine: Arch of Constantine (video) | Late empire | Khan Academy The inscription at the top of the arch honors the emperor’s victory over Maxentius. It is surrounded by sculptures of Dacian soldiers made for a monument commemorating victories of the emperor Trajan (r. A.D. 98–117). A Monumental Imperial Biography - Archaeology Magazine

Havar is a beautiful Adriatic island off the coast of Croatia. A Roman floor mosaic has been discovered during excavation on the island. The floor mosaic dates to the 2nd century AD and was part of a luxurious Roman villa. https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/60248-roman-mosaic-in-stari-grad Here is the location of this Croatian island:

Nice follow-up article: Microscopic egg of whipworm from the chamber pot. Black scale bar represents 20 micrometres. Credit: Sophie Rabinow This is the first time that parasite eggs have been identified from concretions inside a Roman ceramic vessel and confirms the Gerace pot must have been used to contain human feces. Piers Mitchell, the parasites expert who led the study in the laboratory, says, "This pot came from the baths complex of a Roman villa. It seems likely that those visiting the baths would have used this chamber pot when they wanted to go to the toilet, as the baths lacked a built latrine of its own. Clearly, convenience was important to them." https://www.ancientpages.com/2022/02/11/ancient-roman-portable-toilets-studied-by-scientists/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=biblical_mystery_of_the_forbidden_fruit_and_the_deep_sleep_dolmen_de_soto_unique_millennia_old_underground_structure_remains_a_puzzling_enigma_how_on_earth_did_the_ancient_egyptians_raise_their_colossal_obelisks_and_much_more_feb_8_14_2022&utm_term=2022-02-14

I’ve been trying to have a more healthful diet. Nothing like sushi and beer on a hot February day. (It’s almost 80 degrees today.)

Thanks for reading my post. I wanted to ask you (since you wrote the book) if you think the relationship between Stilicho and Alaric portrayed in this documentary was as respectful (almost friendly) as depicted. This was an otherwise interesting documentary when it didn't try to force a modern narrative.

Illegal dig holes have been found at Bart Hill Fort on the Antonine Wall. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd1w3exkvzmo Bart Hill Fort is one of sixteen forts found along the Antonine Wall, which was built around 142 AD. Unlike other forts on the Wall, Bart Hill Fort is located several miles south of the Wall. It had the highest location of any the forts, giving it an excellent view of the surrounding valley. It likely housed around 500 soldiers. Archaeological finds have included a latrine, bathhouse, barracks, and a commander’s house. Here’s a great video on the fort and surrounding area:

There have been many discussions about the controversies surrounding the barbarian crossing the “frozen” Rhine in 405/406. Here is an in-depth discussion of why the military failed to meet the challenge: https://www.yalehistoricalreview.org/barbarians-at-the-open-gates/amp/ Here is an interesting video on the events surrounding the barbarian crossing of 406: This is interesting article that asserts that the crossing occurred in 405 AD (and not the widely accepted 406). This would also explain Stilicho’s seeming inaction to the Barbarian crossing. In 405 Stilicho was preoccupied with fighting the Gothic forces of Radagaisus. https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine

You are correct. It's interesting that Nero, the greatest Hellenophile among the Emperors before Hadrian, probably wore a beard to emulate the Greeks he so admired. We commented before on the fact that Nero was still popular in the East even after his assassination.

Roman ceramic flower pot was discovered to really be a chamber pot after identification of intestinal worm (whipworm) eggs. “Once thought to be a flower pot, researchers unearthed the vessel in the bath complex of a Roman villa in Sicily, named the Villa of Gerace. But a microscopic analysis of the pot's internal crust revealed the preserved eggs” “Chamber pots are perhaps one of the more challenging ceramic forms to identify with certainty in Roman pottery studies, despite the availability of detailed ceramic typologies. Here, we describe the analysis of mineralized concretions taken from a Sicilian ceramic vessel of the fifth-century CE, and propose paleoparasitology, the identification of intestinal parasites, as a helpful method for contributing to the detection of chamber pots. Microscope analysis of the mineralized concretions revealed the presence of eggs of the intestinal nematode Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), confirming that the vessel originally contained faeces. This is the first time that parasite eggs have been identified from concretions inside a Roman ceramic vessel. Systematic parasitological investigation of calcified deposits from ceramic vessels may therefore help to establish function.” The pot was found buried in the bath complex of a Roman villa in Sicily. (Image credit: R.J.A. Wilson) https://www.livescience.com/roman-empire-port-o-potty There have been several previous threads on the frequency of intestinal parasites in the ancient world:

(Nero as portrayed in the movie “Quo Vadis”) Hadrian (117-138 AD) was the first Roman Emperor to routinely wear a beard. This probably reflected his admiration of the earlier Greek philosophers. “In ancient Greece, beards represented wisdom and status. Statues of high ranking officials and gods would show a full, flowing beard and Zeus and Heracles were often depicted with massive beards. Ancient Greek men, not immune to vanity, would use heated tongs to curl their beards, and contemporary statues and coins both inspired and reflected men’s beards. Alexander the Great, however, strongly encouraged his soldiers to shave their beards, presumably to give an enemy less to grab onto. Until that time — which historians date to Sept. 30, 331 B.C., when Alexander the great prepared his soldiers for a key battle for control of Asia — a cleanly shaven face had been a sign of youth or even effeminacy. Alexander would also fashion his image into that of Heracles, as youthful and beardless, and expect his soldiers to do the same. Romans were slow to adopt the beard. Nero was the first Roman emperor who is depicted sporting a beard. (Source Wildwinds.com) Here is an interesting video discussing Ancient Roman hairstyles: https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/a-diversity-of-beards-on-coins-ancient-to-modern.html

Absolutely beautiful. Living in a concrete jungle, I find the verdant countryside breathtaking. We get to see a lot of sagebrush around here, however. LoL (The sub forum “Archaeological News: Britain and Roman-Britain” might be a better place for these posts, otherwise, it gets buried by other threads.) Thanks, again.

There was a previous post about the woolly mammoths found in Swindon, England (see below). There has been another find of a woolly mammoth in Devon: Part of a woolly mammoth tusk recovered from the site near Plymouth Here is a map showing the location of this latest woolly mammoth find (Devon) and the previous one (Swindon). https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-60234766

Another interesting fragment discovered: An ostracon with child’s drawing. Image credit: Athribis-Project Tübingen. http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/athribis-ostraca-10520.html

Theft of antiquities is a lucrative and all-too-frequent occurrence. Here is the latest example: “An individual is suspected of stealing and selling thousands of rare antiquities, worth hundreds of thousands of shekels. Among the findings confiscated were archaeological items from the Persian period, the Hellenistic period, and coins from the period of the Great Jewish Revolt, along with equipment which the suspect used to steal the antiquities.” https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/321947

The Getty Villa museum has faced mounting criticism for its theft of antiquities, including this beautiful bronze statue known as the “Victorious Youth” (see below). It already has returned numerous items to Italy. That said, the Getty Villa really is a beautiful place (although the traffic to the museum can be horrible). The design was inspired by the Villa of Papyri in Herculaneum https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/07/19/italy-passes-restitution-resolution-amid-renewed-calls-for-return-of-the-victorious-youth-bronze-from-getty-museum https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-getty-victorious-youth-20181205-story.html%3F_amp%3Dtrue

Since papyrus was too valuable and scarce, pieces of pottery were used as writing material for mundane daily tasks, instead. This was an interesting find of thousands of pottery fragments shedding light on everyday life in Ancient Egypt. “Egyptologists have recovered more than 18,000 inscribed sherds in ancient Athribis - the remains of vessels and jars that served as writing material some 2,000 years ago. The sherds, known as ostraca, document lists of names, purchases of food and everyday objects, and even writing from a school, including lines written by pupils as a punishment. It is very rare to find such a large volume of ostraca.” Among these sherds were pieces thought to be from an Ancient Egyptian classroom. These were thought to be student lessons because they appear to be repetitive writing exercises. Some of the later texts refer to the Emperors Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, and Hadrian. This large discovery of pottery sherds gives an interesting glimpse of life in Ancient Egypt. Among the fragments examined include examples of student lessons, shopping lists, and trade receipts. https://www.sciencealert.com/the-discovery-of-18-000-pottery-shards-document-daily-life-in-ancient-egypt https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/more-than-18000-pot-sherds-document-life-in-ancient-egypt/

One thing that may help to get any academic book a wider audience and exposure is to also create a parallel non-fictional graphic novel version of the academic one. The movie “300” about the Greek and Persian battle at Thermopylae was based on a graphic novel. This movie, as much as anything else, helped to inspire the latest generation of high school kids to take an interest in ancient history. I have been surprised at the number of younger people whose first introduction to great works have been thru the graphic novel.

Here is a video on the find: “Amongst the remains are two helmets, one of the Chalcidian type which was common amongst Hellenistic soldiers in the Greek (southern) parts of Italy, and a Negau type helmet that is of a typical Etruscan ‘vetulonic’ shape.” https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/02/ancient-helmets-found-alongside-archaic-ruins-in-the-acropolis-of-elea-velia/142660?amp

Roman dice were found at the site Here are some of the latest finds as the H2S high-speed freeway work continues. This excavation has revealed several settlements along the Roman Akeman Street that connects Verulamium (modern St Albans) and Corinium Dobunnorum (modern Cirencester). A stone-built corn dryer or malting oven provided evidence of brewing and was located near early Iron Age enclosures This discovery and others (see thread below) are improving our knowledge and understanding of the extensive and under-appreciated Roman presence in Buckinghamshire. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60254154

The relationship between the Romans and the tribes of Germania was always a complicated one. This is an interesting article that confirms the trade (at least of brass) between the Roman Empire and the kingdom of King Marobudos of Bohemia around the time of the Roman defeat in the Teutoburg Forest (9 AD). (Roman brass objects studied were from the region of the kingdom of Marobudos in modern day Bohemia sometimes called the Marobudoses Empire.) (The source of the brass was from Massif Central of Southern France of what was then Gaul.) Important background information: These studies confirm the trade that existed between Rome and potential German allies, especially after the calamitous defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. It would have been important for Rome to solidify its alliances with friendly Germanic tribes at that time. https://english.radio.cz/brass-study-helps-uncover-close-ties-between-rome-and-germanic-bohemia-8741098

A young boy who was the victim of the plague was found in Cambridgeshire. He was buried between 540-550 AD. “Genetic analysis of a tooth sample revealed he had been infected with the bacteria Yersinia pestis, which causes plague, and Haemophilus influenza serotype b.“ It is notable that the plague of Justinian (541-549 AD) was raging throughout Europe at Europe at this time. The bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that caused this boy’s death and the plague of Justinian, later caused the Black Death that ravaged Europe (1347-1351). http://anglo-saxon-archaeology-blog.blogspot.com/2022/02/six-year-old-anglo-saxon-boy-who-lived.html?m=1 This study confirms earlier studies in the area that the plague of Justinian (and not just the later Black Death) caused many deaths in the area. https://inews.co.uk/news/bubonic-plague-first-arrived-in-britain-1500-years-ago-and-ravaged-the-country-299029/amp

Here’s a great video from the FreshCap Mushroom folks about Cordyceps mushroom and it’s potential benefits: