guy

No one knows for sure what pressures led the Huns to migrate West. These Hunnic migrations forced the Goths to plead entry to the Roman Empire in order to escape the advancing Huns. This, of course, exacerbated the increasing instability of the Empire. It may have been a drought in the Asian Steppe that forced the Hunnic migration. Valerie Trouet, a paleoclimatologist, suggests in her research that the evidence might be in the rings of trees. Dan Jones, in his book “Plagues, Princes and Pardons” explores the impact of climate, pathogens and technology on the development of societies. He explains what made the Huns “climate migrants”: https://lithub.com/how-to-sack-an-empire-on-goths-huns-and-the-fall-of-rome/ https://www.newsweek.com/fall-roman-empire-tree-rings-1504740?amp=1

This year will commemorate the 1900th anniversary of Hadrian’s Wall: ”A festival will run from 24 January 2022, Emperor Hadrian's birthday, until 23 December, which was the ancient Roman holiday of Saturnalia. Walks, exhibitions, re-enactments and talks will be part of the celebrations.” https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-59712769.amp A great video showing the full route of Hadrian’s Wall (84 miles) in 30 minutes:

The Battle of Alalia (540 BCE) was a Pyrrhic victory for the Greeks who defeated a joint Etruscan and Carthaginian force in a naval battle off the coast of Corsica. The victorious but weakened Greeks were soon forced to withdraw from the area. These Greeks then escaped to southern Italy where they apparently brought some of their spoils of victory. A recent dig at Velia near Paestrum, Italy south of Naples unearthed arms and other interesting artifacts including an Etruscan helmet. These are thought to date to the Battle of Alalia: “Alongside the pottery, the temple floor also contained several bronze and iron weapons. There are, Scelza says, many fragments of weapons, including what appear to be pieces of a large decorated shield and two splendid helmets in a perfect state of preservation: one Etruscan of the "shell" type, which experts call Negau from the Slovenian location where they were found for the first time, and the other of the Chalcidian type.” https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2022/02/01/helmets-arms-from-battle-of-alalia-found-at-velia_e9385207-5c62-4383-9222-127ca87c0222.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alalia Here is a similar Etruscan (also called Negau) helmet found at the Etruscan necropolis of Vulci 75 miles from Rome. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.laprensalatina.com/unusual-inscription-found-inside-2400-year-old-etruscan-helmet/amp/

I know nothing about military technology. I was, however, curious about the relative strength of the Mongol (and the similar composite Hunnic) bow compared to the English longbow: https://archeryhistorian.com/mongolian-bow-vs-english-longbow-advantages-and-drawbacks/ I liked this quote comparing the Hunnic composite bow with the longbow: “The composite [Hunnic] bow was mostly used to shoot lightweight arrows over large distances, on dry flat plains with high visibility. The longbow was designed to shoot extremely heavy arrows over short range with limited visibility at heavily armoured targets. The composite bow was designed for hit and run skirmishing, the longbow to stand up to and devastate a heavy cavalry charge.” https://historum.com/threads/mongol-composite-bow-vs-english-longbow.55139/ This is a nice video understanding the power of bows (limited by the user).

Here’s a wonderful older article describing the beauty products in Ancient Greece that are still available today: Cosmetics were an important part of the life and culture in Ancient Greece. The word “cosmetic” comes from the Greek word “kosmetikos,” meaning a sense of harmony, order and tranquility. Most beauty products in ancient Greece were made from ingredients found in their natural environment such as olive oil and honey. https://www.yasouskincare.com/ancient-greek-skin-care-secrets-still-used-today/ I can’t vouch for any of these treatments. Topical honey is still used to treat wounds, even in a hospital setting. Here are some older related posts:

This was certainly a fantastic find. There are now eight such amphitheaters found in Switzerland. I have some problem, however, calling this a “gladiator” arena. By the mid 4th century when this amphitheater was build, gladiator fights had become increasingly uncommon: By this late in the Empire’s history, there was no longer a seemingly endless supply of potential fighters for every arena in the region. At this time, there was also a declining appetite for gladiatorial fights. In fact, in 404 AD gladiatorial fights were officially banned in the Empire by Honorius after the monk Telemachus was stoned to death when he protested a gladiatorial fight. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Telemachus Modern sensationalist journalists feel the need to attach “gladiatorial fights” to every amphitheater found in the Empire. I believe that this venue was more likely used for plays, choral events, circuses, exhibitions, sports competitions, etc. Here’s a nice video on the find:

Thanks for reading my thread. I didn’t find the reason for the burial of the bowl, either. I found no mention of its being either a burial item or part of a hoard left by fleeing Romans. The bowl was found in Nijmegen which was a large Roman military camp in modern Netherlands. There was a large civilian settlement associated with this camp and the bowl was found in that context. I can’t, however, imagine just misplacing or forgetting about such a priceless item.

Comparing the two-humped camels (a–b) with dromedaries (c) on the same lintel (photographs courtesy of the Aliph-ISMEO project at Hatra). Restoration and reevaluation of archaeological evidence of a temple in Hatra, Iraq (after recent vandalism by ISIS) has led to new discoveries. Closer examination of the ancient temple led to some interesting observations. A sculpted frieze on the temple wall showed hybrid camels, previously thought to be Bactrian camels, instead. The hybrid is hardier for the long-distant caravans on the Silk Road than the pure-breed Bactrian. The hybrids, therefore, would have been more useful than the pure breed camel and played an important role in the economy of Hatra. First, some background: Hatra was a Parthian city that was a flourishing trade and religious center during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Hatra was also a fortified city that withstood Roman sieges from both Trajan (116/117 AD) and Septimius Severus (198/199). A hybrid camel is a hybrid between the Bactrian camel and the Dromedary camel. Although local breeders could raise Dromedary camels, they had to import the Bactrian female camels from distant Central Asia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_camel https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/iconographic-evidence-of-hybridisation-between-camelus-bactrianus-and-camelus-dromedarius-at-secondcentury-ad-hatra-iraq/A4DECADBFE3919190B9E14E78CA290F7 I never thought about camels before reviewing this article, but it does show that the ancient Parthians developed camel breeding to improve their trade. Bactrian camel Dromedary camel An interesting article on Hatra: https://www.ancientpages.com/2020/12/12/hatra-ancient-powerful-caravan-city-that-could-withstand-invading-roman-armies/

Here is a picture of this fabulous bowl being excavated. It is incredible that it remained intact: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/2000-year-old-ancient-roman-glass-bowl-found-in-netherlands-180979461/

Or, at least that was the plan. This quote about the Goths (from Ammianus Marcellinus) shows how things can go wrong … quickly. The Goths, fleeing other migrating tribes including the Huns, entered the Empire in hope of peace and protection. They were initially welcomed as allies. The Goths, however, were brutally treated by corrupt and inept Roman commanders. They would later turn on the Emperor Valens, killing him and destroying his Roman army at The Battle of Hadrianopolis (378 AD). https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_31_book31.htm#C4

Recent excavations in Bedfordshire have uncovered a Roman farm: The ancient farm was discovered during excavations near Tempsford in Bedfordshire The dig revealed two large round houses and a Roman pottery kiln, with a large number pots which failed during firing. Archaeologists also excavated a Roman oven used to dry grains and make malt for brewing and a number of higher status items beyond what they would have expected to discover at a farmstead in that part of Roman Britain. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60158579

7 Decorated inlays or veneers evidence for bone working found at Roman site near Alconbury. Image Credit : MOLA Evidence of a Roman workshop were found near Alconbury in Cambridgeshire, England (see map below): “Over 300 fragments of bone and antler working waste were recovered from a small settlement near Alconbury, interpreted to be from a carpenter’s workshop, where decorated inlay or veneer were produced to adorn wooden boxes and furniture. The Alconbury material can be dated to the late Roman period, most likely between the 4th and early 5th century AD (ca. AD 301-425). The most curious thing about these inlays and veneers is that they were discovered in a relatively simple rural settlement. Usually, evidence for this kind of bone and antler working comes from towns or Roman villas. Yet, there is no other evidence suggesting the presence of a high-status domestic structure at Alconbury. Whilst the finds are not sufficient to prove the presence of a permanent specialist furniture workshop, they indicate there were skilled craftspeople at Alconbury in the Roman period.“ https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/01/evidence-of-skilled-craft-working-during-roman-period-in-cambridgeshire/142575?amp

Nijmegen, Netherlands have been the site of recent Roman excavations. This breathtaking bowl was the most recent find. (See below thread for previous discoveries in the area.) https://www.openculture.com/2022/01/archaeologists-discover-a-2000-year-old-roman-glass-bowl-in-pristine-condition.html https://hyperallergic.com/707260/2000-year-old-roman-glass-bowl-unearthed-like-new/

Here is an interesting article of the wooden or cloth portraits found on Ancient Egyptian mummies: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/451-2201/features/10182-egypt-mummy-portraits?utm_source=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&utm_campaign=c8c3091934-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2022_01_24_03_30&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_640baf0738-c8c3091934-216793544&mc_cid=c8c3091934&mc_eid=e9533ea02e Here is a previous thread about the portraits found in Ancient Egypt:

Here is the scientific article concerning the discovery: “Materials Fifteen sediment samples were collected from the cesspit below a stone toilet seat found at the site of Armon Hanatziv, southern Jerusalem. The toilet installation was located in a garden adjacent to a monumental structure with extraordinary architectural elements. Methods A light microscope was used to identify and measure the eggs. Results The presence of four intestinal parasite egg taxa was detected: Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Taenia sp. (beef/pork tapeworm), Ascaris lumbricoides(roundworm), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). This is the earliest appearance of roundworm and pinworm in the ancient Israel parasitological record. Conclusions Findings reveal that intestinal parasitic diseases most likely caused by poor sanitary conditions were a human problem in the Late Iron Age of Israel, affecting even high-status groups.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981721000838#bib35 “It is possible that as early as the 7th century BC, human feces were collected systematically from the city of Jerusalem in order to fertilize crops grown in the nearby fields. During the 7th century BC, when Judea was under Assyrian rule, the hinterlands of Jerusalem, especially to the west, shifted to specialized agriculture (versus mixed Mediterranean agriculture. Modern research has demonstrated that human fecal fertilizer increases crop yields However, unless the feces are composted for many months before being added to the fields, viable parasite eggs can spread to the plants grown. Hence, the use of human feces as crop fertilizer under the specialized Assyrian economy may have led to a growth in whipworm and roundworm. The almost total lack of sanitation technologies may also have been the primary trigger for parasite distribution in ancient Israel. The presence of tapeworm eggs attests to the consumption of poorly cooked, perhaps raw, beef or pork, the only meats that carry this parasite.” Although the finding of pinworms and roundworms are not unique to Armon Hanatziv, they are the earliest dated findings: A limited number of studies to detect the presence of abdominal parasites in an archaeological context have been executed in Israel. These studies identified whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) in most of the investigated sites: Jerusalem (7–6th century BC; Qumran (1st century BC – 1st century AD; Nahal Mishmar (2nd century AD; and Acre (13th century AD. Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) was identified in Acre as well as at Qumran. The beef/pork tapeworm Taenia sp. was found in the aforementioned assemblages from Jerusalem, Qumran, and Acre. Pinworm eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were also revealed at Qumran.”

This is a slightly older discovery, but it is in the news. An Egyptian mummy, originally thought to be a male, was examined by CT scan in 2021. It came as a surprise that the mummy was a pregnant female with the fetus still intact, instead. This is the first fetus found in a mummy. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56926005.amp

The glass jug with inner jug, probably made in a factory in Cologne in the early 4th century, is a masterpiece of glassblowing art. Canton Archeology Schaffhausen / Rolf Wessendorf This is a wonderful Roman glass I first saw on a thread by Nina WillBurger @DrNWillburger. These objects were found many years ago, but are frequently overlooked by modern scholars. Here’s some background on the find: “In September 1969, when laying heating pipes in the greenhouse of a market garden situated next to the railway line from Stein am Rhein to Kreuzlingen, a workman came across two skeletons and a fragment of a glass bowl decorated with a motif of figures in relief. He had discovered the necropolis of the Late Roman fortress of Auf Burg, which lay about 250 metres to the north. Since then, several excavations have uncovered a total of 83 graves. The quality and the number of grave goods made of glass, as well as the comparatively intact context of castle and associated burial ground, are what make the site so special.” Here is another glass piece found at the site: https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/2020/07/roemisches-glas/

Nice follow-up on the find: “The ancient hotspot — known as Blackgrounds for its black soil — has an abundance of ancient artifacts and structures spanning different time periods, including depictions of deities and Roman game pieces, according to about 80 archaeologists from the Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) Headland Infrastructure, who spent the past year excavating the site ahead of the construction of HS2, a new high speed railway. Archaeologists have uncovered the exceptionally well-preserved remains of an Iron Age village that grew into a bustling ancient Roman trading town — an archaeological gem with more than 300 Roman coins, glass vessels and water wells — in what is now the district of South Northamptonshire, England in the United Kingdom.“ https://www.livescience.com/ancient-roman-market-town-excavated-uk

Not surprisingly, Rome had a great presence in Switzerland. I am, however, surprised that this is the eighth Roman amphitheater found in that country. “The Kaiseraugst amphitheater is the second amphitheater in the canton of Aargau after the one in Vindonissa (Windisch). It is the third such monument in the Roman town of Augusta Raurica. Eight such buildings are now known throughout Switzerland. In addition to Vindonissa and Augusta Raurica, there is an amphitheater in Avenches (Aventicum), Martigny (Forum Claudii Vallensium), Nyon (Colonia Iulia Equestris) and on the Enge peninsula in Bern (Brenodurum). In Roman times, games such as gladiator fights and animal hunts were presented in the arenas, which were very popular at the time.” “Augusta Raurica, or Colonia Augusta Rauracorum, was founded by Lucius Munatius Plancus around 44 BC in the vicinity of a local Gallic tribe, the Rauraci. During the 2nd century AD, the town emerged as a prosperous commercial trading centre with an estimated population of around 20,000 inhabitants. The amphitheatre was uncovered during the construction of a new boathouse for the Basel Rowing Club on the Rhine in Kaiseraugst, revealing an oval ring of walls that measure around 50 metres long and 40 metres wide, west of the Kaiseraugst fort, the Castrum Rauracense.” https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/01/roman-amphitheatre-unearthed-in-switzerland/142560?amp https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/swiss-archeologists-dig-up-youngest-roman-amphitheatre-in-kaiseraugst?format=amp

That has happened to me in the past. Ask Peter if he can fix the situation. As you can imagine, I have posted quite a few pictures over the years

Interesting point. I found this quote: https://ancientimes.blogspot.com/2020/08/roman-mithraism.html?m=1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1805-0703-270

I think for any guitar player, this solo by Jimmy Page (from Led Zeppelin) is both unpretentious and powerful. “Dynamics…light and shade…whisper to the thunder. It invites you in. It is intoxicating.” J Page

A small but interesting find while during excavation for a new hotel in Zadar, Croatia. “A statue of the Roman goddess Venus was found on the construction site of a future hotel in the center of Zadar, about a meter high, preserved from the knees to below the chest, made of marble, and about 1800 years old.” ”"Academician Nenad Cambi, our greatest expert on antiquity, believes that it is most likely a statue of the goddess Venus. Its full height was about two meters, and it was probably on a pedestal in the atrium of this ancient urban villa where we are now," said Smiljan Gluščević.” https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/59345-venus-statue-in-zadar

This was a great find, indeed. I needed to put this hoard in context for me. The coin hoard was found in Asturias, located in northwest Spain. The article suggests it was a coin hoard hidden from the invading Suebian migration: The Suevi (along with the Vandals and Alans) crossed a frozen Rhine on a night in December 406 AD and migrated into Roman Gaul. Taking advantage of Roman internecine turmoil, these tribes later migrated into Hispania around 409. The article suggested that these coins were hidden by refugees. Maybe, but I doubt low valued Nummi (such as the one pictured above of Constantine I) would have been hidden for safekeeping. Possibly they were an offering (to God for protection) or, even more likely, they were merely misplaced and forgotten. This article is thought-provoking, nevertheless.

Here’s a nice video summary of the most important archaeological findings of 2021.