Pygmalion
-
Posts
14 -
Joined
-
Last visited
-
Days Won
1
Content Type
Profiles
Forums
Static Pages
News
Blogs
Gallery
Events
Downloads
Posts posted by Pygmalion
-
-
Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων) ressembles Memnon (Μέμνων) King of Aeithiopia.
In the myth of Perseus, he goes to Aeithiopia and takes away Andromeda, by comparision, Paris goes to the Peloponnese and takes away Helen, as if the Myth of Perseus is in opposition to the Trojan War.
Peloponnese (Πελοπόννησος) means Πέλοπος νῆσος "dark-face Island" and so Αἰθιοπία is a synonym and the rocks in which Andromeda where chained are the Scironian rocks in the Isthmus and also the naming was transposed to the dangerous rocks near Joppa, Phoenicia, hence also interpreted to be Aeithiopia.
-
Quote
Aeschylus, Agamemnon 825-828
Young horse, shield bearing people
leap, dash around the setting Pleiades
'leaped the tower of the savage lion
lick up one's fill of the blood of tyranny
ἵππου νεοσσός, ἀσπιδοστρόφος λεώς
πήδημʼ ὀρούσας ἀμφὶ Πλειάδων δύσιν
ὑπερθορὼν δὲ πύργον ὠμηστὴς λέων
ἄδην ἔλειξεν αἵματος τυραννικοῦ
The young-horse here is the same as the Trojan Horse and it makes its leap when the Pleiades sets.
The Pleiades constellation is important to ancient Mediterranean sailors as its setting marked the season of sailing, when Pleiades sets below the north-western horizon around Sprin , the little-horse (Equuleus, Eculeus) launches its leap, this constellation is also adjacent to the Delphinus constellation, maybe the reason why the dolphin-horse or hippocampus is a symbol of sailing.
In Aeschylus the word leap, πήδημα is 𐤌𐤐𐤎𐤇 or 𐤐𐤎𐤇 in Phoenician, that derives Pascha, so originally a Phoenician rite at the beginning of the sailing season, the Persian modified Phoenician mythology producing the myth of Moses basing him on Cambyses and changing the whole meaning, but the Red Sea in context is the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Phoenicia, which is called Pamphylian Sea in Josephus.
-
This vase depicts Orestes mourning his father Agamemnon, instead of a tomb there is a pillar (στήλη, κιών, σταθμός) on a raised platform (βωμός)
QuoteHomer, Iliad. 24.776
The bones they took and placed in a golden urn, covering them over with soft purple robes, and quickly laid the urn in a hollow grave, and covered it over with great close-set stones.ἐς λάρνακα θῆκαν ἑλόντες πορφυρέοις πέπλοισι καλύψαντες μαλακοῖσιν. αἶψα δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐς κοίλην κάπετον θέσαν, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε πυκνοῖσιν λάεσσι κατεστόρεσαν μεγάλοισι:
This verse reveals that the Peloponnesians cremated the dead and placed the ashes or bones into an urn, so similar fashion to Romans, cf. cremation of Julius Caesar.
QuoteSophocles, Electra 1119
Orestes
We come bearing his scanty remains in a small urn, as you see.Electra
Oh, the misery! Here, at last, my eyes look for certain, it seems, upon that grievous burden in your hand.Orestes
If your tears are for any of Orestes' tribulations, know that this vessel is his body's home.Electra
Ah, sir, if this urn indeed contains him, then allow me, by the gods, to take it in my hands, so that I may weep and wail, not for these ashes alone, but for myself and for all our house with them!Orestes
To the attendants.
Take it and give it to her, whoever she may be. For she asks this for herself not as if with hostile intent, but like one who is his friend, or a kinswoman by blood.The urn is placed in Electra's hands.So here Orestes was also cremated and his ashes were put into a small urn.
These are the ancient ruins of Mycenae and there is a doorway, like a Torii, entrance to the Necropolis and there is a single pillar.
QuoteDiogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosopher 6.2.78
Hence, it is said, arose a quarrel among his disciples as to who should bury him : nay, they even came to blows ; but, when their fathers and men of influence arrived, under their direction he was buried beside the gate leading to the Isthmus. Over his grave they set up a pillar and a dog in Parian marble upon it.Ἔνθα καὶ στάσις, ὥς φασιν, ἐγένετο τῶν γνωρίμων, τίνες αὐτὸν θάψουσιν: ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι χειρῶν ἦλθον. ἀφικομένων δὲ τῶν πατέρων καὶ τῶν ὑπερεχόντων, ὑπὸ τούτοις ταφῆναι τὸν ἄνδρα παρὰ τῇ πύλῃ τῇ φερούσῃ εἰς τὸν
Here is another example of a pillar-grave, this is placed beside the gate leading to the Isthmus, which is associated with Melikertes (Μελικέρτης) also known as Palaemon and Portunus.QuotePausanias, Description of Greece 1.8
Then it was that she fled to the sea and cast herself and her son from the Molurian Rock. The son, they say, was landed on the Corinthian Isthmus by a dolphin, and honors were offered to Melicertes, then renamed Palaemon, including the celebration of the Isthmian games.τότε δὲ φεύγουσα ἐς θάλασσαν αὑτὴν καὶ τὸν παῖδα ἀπὸ τῆς πέτρας τῆς Μολουρίδος ἀφίησιν, ἐξενεχθέντος δὲ ἐς τὸν Κορινθίων ἰσθμὸν ὑπὸ δελφῖνος ὡς λέγεται τοῦ παιδός, τιμαὶ καὶ ἄλλαι τῷ Μελικέρτῃ δίδονται μετονομασθέντι Παλαίμονι καὶ τῶν Ἰσθμίων ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸν ἀγῶνα ἄγουσι.
Here the associated with Isthmus (probably from σταθμός) with Melicertes, Palaemon hence also Portunus, Melqart and Hercules.
QuotePlutarch, De Herodoti malignitat 39
Their cenotaph in the Isthmus
τὸ δ᾽ ἐν Ἰσθμῷ κενοτάφιον ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχει ταύτηνThis is very important context for the word κενοτάφιον means "empty-tomb" and are made to honour those perished at sea, hence unable to recover the bodies for cremation and burial, hence the connection with Melicertes who died at sea.
QuoteAeschylus, Agamemnon 1125
Ah, ah, see there, see there! Keep the bull from his mate! She has caught him in the robe and gores him with the crafty device of her black horn! He falls in a vessel of water! It is of doom wrought by guile in a murderous bath that I am telling you.
ἆ ἆ, ἰδοὺ ἰδού
ἄπεχε τῆς βοὸς τὸν ταῦρον
ἐν πέπλοισι μελαγκέρῳ λαβοῦσα μηχανήματι τύπτει
πίτνει δ᾽ ἐν ἐνύδρῳ τεύχει.
δολοφόνου λέβητος τύχαν σοι λέγω.This is from Aeschylus on the death of Agamemnon and its clear the poetry here is cryptic and uses similar vocabulary in regards to Melicertes who is placed in a λέβης which was thrown into the sea, it also reads πίτνει δ᾽ ἐν ἐνύδρῳ τεύχει "He falls in a vessel of water" and so this maybe interpreted that Agamemnon died at sea, hence why in epigraphy it depicts a pillar-tomb or a cenotaph.
QuoteApollodorus, Library 3.4
Ἰνὼ δὲ τὸν Μελικέρτην εἰς πεπυρωμένον λέβητα ῥίψασα, εἶτα βαστάσασα μετὰ νεκροῦ τοῦ παιδὸς ἥλατο κατὰ βυθοῦ. καὶ Λευκοθέα μὲν αὐτὴν καλεῖται, Παλαίμων δὲ ὁ παῖς, οὕτως ὀνομασθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν πλεόντων; τοῖς χειμαζομένοις γὰρ βοηθοῦσινIno threw Melicertes into a boiling cauldron then carrying it with the dead child she sprang into the deep. And she herself is called Leucothea, and the boy is called Palaemon, such being the names they get from sailors; for they succour storm-tossed mariners.
Melicertes dies at sea.
This is a depiction of Herakles and he is inside a tub with the sea inside of it, this affirms my theory that Agamemnon and Herakles are one and the same, one similarity is that Herakles killed his family, where-as Agamemnon kills his daughter. Herakles was killed by his wife, Deianeira when she gave him a poisoned robe stained with the blood of the centaur and in Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1125, Agamemnon is killed by his wife Clytemnestra by goring him with a robe.
This is Bāal Hammōn depicted as if he were a pillar and this is also Agamemnon.
Ἀγαμ > Γἀαμ > Βάαλ = Bāal
έμνων > έμμων = HammonBāal is the Phoenician sun god, same as Sol and Ἥλιος (ἠέλιος, ἀβέλιος, ἀέλιος, ἄλιος) and in Homer, Ἥλιος is paired with Ὑπερίων "Hyperion" which is 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤅𐤍 in Phoenician, but this proper Phoenician noun is translated into ὕψιστος so that Ἥλιος Ὑπερίων is perverted into Ἥλιος Ὕψιστος becoming both Heliogabalus and Zeus Hypistos and the Romans built temples for these in Syria, probable origin of Sol Invictus.
Hammon Bāal might be the same as the name Hannibal meaning Ἥλιος ἐγέννησε (Ἥλιογενής) "Sun begat" and also Ζεύς ἐγέννησε (Διογενής) "Zeus begat", although some interpret Hammon to mean κάμινος oven, furnace.
cf. Apollodorus, Library 3.4 - Ino threw Melicertes into a boiling cauldron
(
-
Quote
Appian, Punic Wars 1
The Phoenicians settled Carthage, in Libya, fifty years before the capture of Troy. Its founders were either Zorus and Carchedon, or, as the Romans and the Carthaginians themselves think, Dido, a Tyrian woman, whose husband had been slain clandestinely by Pygmalion, the ruler of Tyre.Appian opens his chapter with this statement, putting the founding of Carthage fifty years before the capture of Troy. The Romans think it was founded by Dido, but the Aeneid makes her contemporary and consort to Aeneas, a veteran of the Trojan War and thus a chronological contradiction.
Aeneid also makes Aeneas the founder of Rome so that both Carthage and Rome were founded at the same time.There is also the problem with Cádiz (Gádeira, Gādes) and how it fits into the founding myths of Carthage and Rome. The traditional founding of Cádiz is dated to 1100 BCE, but this falls within the Bronze Age collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean, so it could not have been founded by Tyre at that time and how could Cádiz be founded before Carthage?
QuotePlutarch, Numa 1.3
Numa was of Sabine descent, and the Sabines will have it that they were colonists from Lacedaemon.
Plutarch, Numa 3
In consequence he had a great name and fame, so that Tatius, the royal colleague of Romulus at Rome, made him the husband of his only daughter, Tatia.
Numa Pompilius is an alternative founder of Rome, of Sabine descent said to be colonists from Lacedaemon, this name is used interchangeably with Sparta and situated on the Peloponnese. The Trojan War was a war between Peloponnesians and Trojans and so there is a Trojan founder and a Peloponnesian founder of Rome.Pompilius resembles the name Pummay on the Nora Stone, which mentions a war with the Sardinians, the Trojans are also called Dardanians and so could this be the same way?
Trojans are the antagonists of the Iliad and so why would the Trojans be made into the founders of Rome instead of the Greek heroes?
-
29 minutes ago, guidoLaMoto said:
Interesting etymologies you've presented. Thanks...
In regards transiliterations & changes in pronunciation as words evolve from one language to another, consider, for example, how the word Yankee derives from the way the American Indians pronounced the word English.
One small detail-- Carthago is the nominative case for Carthage; Carthaginis is the genitive and the root for the other case declensions.
And a caveat-- translations of ancient poetry put into rhyming jingle in English are often not very true to the original but just give a general idea of what's going on.
I tend to put the words in the genitive since the structure of the root is usually intact in that case.
sepeliō 𐤒𐤁𐤓
to bury, to perform the funeral rites of a man by burning
-
The Pillars of Hercules function as a boundary but the Greek god associated with boundaries is Hermes (Ἑρμῆς) and ἑρμῆς is also a word for a pillar and ἑρμαῖον a word for barrow and tomb.
In Latin Ἑρμῆς is called Mercurius and this name resembles 𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕 Melkarth cf. Μελικέρτης
QuoteTitus Livius 26.44.6
when this was noticed by Scipio, who had climbed the hill which they call Mercury's Hill (tumulum, quem Mercuri)Quotetumulum
a sepulchral mound, barrow, tumulusmercurius
Tumulus Mercurii, near Carthago nove
Promontorium Mercurii, in Africa, in Zeugitana, near Carthagepromontorium
promontory, headland, capeCarthage in Latin is Carthāginis and Καρχηδόνος in Greek and by comparison you can see exchange with each letter, the c/κ, t/χ and g/δ.
The Phoenician 𐤒𐤓𐤕-𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 means terra nova "new land" for the noun 𐤒𐤓𐤕 means terrae (ἐρᾶς) with πόλις its secondary meaning (πόλις comes from 𐤒𐤓𐤕) and 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 means ὑπόγυος; nigh at hand, fresh, new (ὑπόγυιος, ὑπογυιότατος).Ἑλλάδος "Hellas" and Γραικός "Greece" came from 𐤒𐤓𐤕 too.
In Appian, Wars in Spain 1.2 the difference between Ταρτησσός (Tartessos) and Καρπησσός (Carpessos) is merely a matter of dialect, these words maybe a compound of νῆσος, νῆσσος, νᾶσσος "Island" cf. Πελοπόννησος (Pelopónnēsos). -
Appian describes two versions of Hercules, the Theban and the Tyrian; however, in Greek and Latin sources, Thebes is always described as being founded by Phoenicians.
QuoteIsocrates, Helen 10.68
Cadmus of Sidon became king of Thebes
Pliny the Elder Nat. 5.17
Sidon the parent of Thebes in Boeotia
Strabo 7.7
Cadmeia (Thebes) by the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus
Euripides, Phoenissae 1
What an unfortunate beam you shed on Thebes, the day [5] that Cadmus left Phoenicia's realm beside the sea and reached this land
QuoteVergilius Maro, Aeneid 1.613
Sidonian Dido felt her heart stand still
when first she looked on him; and thrilled again
to hear what vast adventure had befallen
so great a hero. Thus she welcomed him:
“What chance, O goddess-born, o'er danger's path
impels? What power to this wild coast has borne?
Art thou Aeneas, great Anchises' son,
whom lovely Venus by the Phrygian stream
of Simois brought forth unto the day?
Now I bethink me of when Teucer came
to Sidon, exiled, and of Belus' power
desired a second throne. For Belus then,
our worshipped sire, despoiled the teeming land
of Cyprus, as its conqueror and king.QuoteVergilius Maro, Aeneid 2.77
O King! I will confess, whate'er befall,
the whole unvarnished truth. I will not hide
my Grecian birth. Yea, thus will I begin.
For Fortune has brought wretched Sinon low;
but never shall her cruelty impair
his honor and his truth. Perchance the name
of Palamedes, Belus' glorious son,
has come by rumor to your listening earsIn the Aeneid Dido is called a Sidonian (Sidonia Dido) and daughter of Belus who is also father of Palamedes (Belidae nomen Palamedis) and Pygmalion in Verg. A. 1.335.
I think Palamedes (Παλαμήδης) Pygmalion (Πυγμαλίων) Cadmus (Κάδμος) are the same figure and also Dido (Διδὼ) and Europa (Εὐρώπη).
QuoteAccording to the Latin historian Pomponius Mela, the temple housed the remains of Hercules, contributing to its immense fame. Moreover, the temple held renowned relics such as the belt of Teucer, a Greek hero and son of Telamon, and the tree of Pygmalion, whose fruits were said to be emeralds.
Temple of Hercules Gaditanus - Wikipedia
Mela says that the temple housed remains of Hercules, so then it is a tomb, in fact the Homeric definition of στήλη (Stele) is block or slab used as a memorial i.e. gravestone and this is what Phoenicians did, so the temple/tomb housing the remains of Hercules would also have a στήλη.
The Phoenician word for στήλη is 𐤑𐤉𐤅𐤍 (κίων) which is also the word for Zion for the city of Zion was a Necropolis (νεκρόπολις) or a Tophet burial site.
στήλη 𐤑𐤉𐤅𐤍
-
15 hours ago, guy said:
Interesting article. I know nothing about ancient mythology. I got myself into an ancient rabbit hole, nevertheless, when I realized that the Greek Herakles is different from the Roman Hercules.
The article below delves into their differences:
http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/essays/herakleshercules.html
This article emphasizes their similarites:Herakles and Hercules are very much the same god with minor differences and not the same Hercules whom Fabius Maximus was offering to in Appian, Wars in Spain 11.65.
Appian, Wars in Spain 1.2
It is my opinion that Tartessus was then the city on the seashore which is now called Carpessus. I think also that the Phoenicians built the temple of Hercules which stands at the straits. The religious rites performed there are still of Phoenician type, and the god is considered by the worshippers the Tyrian, not the Theban, Hercules. But I will leave these matters to the antiquaries.
Here it mentions two distinct versions of Hercules, one called ὁ Τυρίων (Tyrian) and the other called ὁ Θηβαῖός (Thebes) -
Ancient Greek writings emphasize the Phoenician origin of Dionysus by portraying him as the grandson of Cadmus of Tyre. It appears that Hercules was originally the grandson of Cadmus. The largest temple the Romans built was the temple of Bacchus that they built it in Phoenicia in what is known as Baalbek (πόλις Διός καὶ Βάκχου/Urbs Jovis et Bacchi).
-
In Strabo the nature and whereabouts of the pillars of Hercules' was subject to debate.
- the strait by Calpe
- Onoba, a city of Iberia: considering that here were the Pillars
- They reached Gades and founded the temple in the eastern part of the island, the capes in the strait are the pillars of tis temple
- The pillars are two small islands, one of which is named the Island of Hera (Juno)
-
Planctæ and the Symplgades supposing them to be the Pillars, which Pindar calls the Gates of Gades
Strabo 3.5.5
For nothing else resembles pillars around the strait but those eight-cubit bronze pillars in the temple of Heracles in Gadeira
(οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐοικέναι στήλαις τὰ περὶ τὸν πορθμόν. οἱ δὲ τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἡρακλείῳ τῷ ἐν Γαδείροις χαλκᾶς ὀκταπήχεις)
The most interesting theory is that these are temple pillars and the wiki entry of the Temple of Hercules says it was flanked by two large columns according to Latin historian Pomponius Mela.
QuoteTemple_of_Hercules_Gaditanus (wiki)
The sanctuary was likely a complex of buildings where the main structure could be accessed through a gateway flanked by two large columns. As described by Silius Italicus in the 1st century BC
According to the Latin historian Pomponius Mela, the temple housed the remains of Hercules, contributing to its immense fame. Moreover, the temple held renowned relics such as the belt of Teucer, a Greek hero and son of Telamon, and the tree of Pygmalion, whose fruits were said to be emeralds.
Temple of Hercules Gaditanus - Wikipedia
In Herodotus, the temple of Hercules in Tyre was flanked by two large columns, and this Hercules was the dead hero. Hence, Pomponius mentions that the temple housed the remains of Hercules. In fact, the ghost or phantom of this deceased Hercules was encountered by Odysseus within the gates of Hades in Odyssey 11.601. In Homer, the term used is "Πύλαι Ἀΐδαο" (Gates of Hades), and the pillars of Hercules are also referred to as "Πύλαι Γαδειρίδες" (Gates of Gades).
QuoteHerodotus 2.44
I took ship for Tyre in Phoenicia, where I had learned by inquiry that there was a holy temple of Heracles.
There I saw it, richly equipped with many other offerings, besides two pillars (στῆλαι δύο), one of refined gold, one of emerald.
They are two worships of Heracles, one Heracles as to an immortal, and calling him the Olympian, but to the other bringing offerings as to a dead hero
Herodotus describes one of the pillars as emerald and Pomponius Mela talks about a tree at the Hercules's temple whose fruits were said to be emeralds, but I have determined that these fruits are pears through my study of Phoenician language and this fruit is also sacred to Hero/Juno. The golden apples associated with the daughters of Hesperus are pears which are said to reside near Gades. cf. Island of Juno.
QuoteAppian, Wars in Spain 11.65
He (Fabius) .. sailed through the straits of Gadeira (Gades) offering sacrifice to Hercules
(ἐς Γάδειρα διέπλευσε τὸν πορθμόν, Ἡρακλεῖ θύσων)Fabius Maximus here sailed through the Straits of Gades offering sacrifice to Hercules.
In Plato, Critias 113 from which the story of Atlantis came from It mentions that the twin brother of Atlas, son of Cleito was named "Gadeirus Eumelos", the eponym of Gades and "Cleito" (Κλειτὼ) resembles the suffix of the name Hercules (Ἡρακλῆς) and the word κλεῖς (Lt. Clavis), a word for straits.
κλεῖς (Kleis) of promontories, straits, etc., Κληῗδες or “Κληΐδες (LSJ).
This also why in Rev 1:18 it reads κλεις αδου "Keys of Hades" (Κληῗδες Ἀΐδαο) see also Isaiah 38:10 𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉 𐤔𐤀𐤅𐤋 (Πύλαι Ἀΐδαο) "Gates of Hades" and Psalm 116:3 𐤌𐤑𐤓𐤉𐤟𐤔𐤀𐤅𐤋 (Στένον Ἀΐδαο) "Straits of Hades".
QuoteHerodotus 5.108
The Phoenicians were sailing around the headland which is called the keys of Cyprus
Φοίνικες περιέπλεον τὴν ἄκρην αἳ καλεῦνται Κληῖδες τῆς Κύπρου
The Phoenician refer to Hercules under the name Melcart who also appears in Greek mythology as "Melicertes Palaemon" and this hero also died, Dolphins carried his deceased body into the port of Isthmus, a narrow piece of land connecting two large areas hence also envisioning "pillars of Hercules", Isthmus is called πόντοιο πύλαι "gates of the sea", Κορίνθου πύλαι "gates of Corinth" and Πελοποννήσου τὰς πύλας "Gates of Peloponnese" in ancient Greek writing.
-
20 hours ago, guidoLaMoto said:
I thought the common wisdom was that the Carthaginians were Phoenicians (poenus or punicus in Latin, hence Punic Wars).
I should think that Dido was a poetic invention of Vergil. That whole dalliance was not mentioned by Dionysus of Halicanarssus in his history of the origins of Rome. Vergil meant the story to be a romantic explanation of the continued competition between the two cities.... He was probably looking forward to selling the movie rights to The Aeneid and figured it needed a love interest to spice it up for improved box office appeal. You know how that goes.
Carthago delenda est!
QuoteAppian, Punic Wars 1
The Phoenicians settled Carthage, in Libya, fifty years before the capture of Troy. Its founders were either Zorus and Carchedon, or, as the Romans and the Carthaginians themselves think, Dido, a Tyrian woman, whose husband had been slain clandestinely by Pygmalion, the ruler of Tyre.
According to Appian, Carthage was founded fifty years before the capture of Troy, even though Aeneas, a veteran of this war, had a relationship with Dido, the supposed founder of Carthage.
Should make a thread discussing this. -
On 3/17/2024 at 12:10 PM, guidoLaMoto said:
Welcome!
In case you hadn't noticed, Aeneas' rejection of Dido in Africa sets the stage for the eventual animosity between Rome and Carthage, poetically speaking.
I too would ike to see more discussion of the Latin language here myself.
This Dido figure is still a mystery, was she invented by Romans and did the Carthaginians knew of her. The first chief of Carthage was either Hanno I c. 580 – c. 556 BC Or Magon I c. 550 – c. 530 BCE but nothing is known where these people came from.
I have studied Ancient Greek and Phoenician and just now dabbling with Latin.
-
Hi, new here, I am interested in the Aeneid, Punic wars and Latin language.
-
1
-
Trojan War & Carthage
in Templum Romae - Temple of Rome
Posted
Appian uses the word Byrsa (βύρσα) to describe the hill where the citadel of Carthage stood, this is not mentioned in Strabo, instead he uses that word to describe the shape of Spain.
They are three instances in Strabo of βύρσα (Býrsa) being used to describe the geography of Spain and Strabo does not use βύρσα in reference to Carthage. Then technically Spain could be called Býrsa.
In Latin the word for is βύρσα is pellis;
Pellis tanned hide, leather, skin, a drum
βύρσα skin stripped off, hide, a drum.
In Latin pelles tensa would be "stretched hide".
The Citadel of Carthage is the βύρσα and the Citadel of Troy in Homer is called πτολίεθρον and πέργαμα in Euripides.
cf. πύργος . Βύρσα, πέργαμος, βᾶρις, φρούριον, ἐρυμνός.
πύργος in Latin is turris (τύρρις., τύρσις) and also example of dialectic exchange of the letters.
In Arabic and Phoenician the letter π rarely corresponds to 𐤐 that is most often aspirated, for example in 𐤐𐤋𐤔𐤕 in Exodus 15:14 is Φυλιστιιμ in the Septuagint, Philisthim in the Vulgate, even though the correct way is Παλαιστίνα (Palestina), without an aspiration. In Arabic there is no π sound and always transliterated B or F.
Another example is the word Pūnicus for Φοῖνιξ, the Φ- exchanges with the Pū- that together constitutes a single consonant.
The verb ἀμφιάζω is written 𐤄𐤋𐤁𐤉𐤔 in Phoenician, the φ into 𐤁 and 𐤄𐤋𐤁𐤉𐤔 was loaned back into Greek under καλύφωνή in Latin is vox and also tonus τω, the 𐤁 into π. φ > 𐤁 > π
The noun φωνή is written 𐤒𐤅𐤋𐤄 in Phoenician, the φ exchanges with 𐤒 and this letter derives φ, φωνή in Latin is vox and also tonus.
Φοῖνιξ is also written 𐤒𐤉𐤍, even though 𐤒 is kin to the Latin letter Q.
This is important stuff since both Latin and Greek utilise the Phoenician script.