Zama

British history site, click below

I will await the DVD

What tribes lived in Lancashire ?

Thanks PP

Hello to all I would like to inform you of a brand new site dedicated to british castles and battlefields! IT is new and looking for like-minded history lovers to register and join in and help build up the site Interested ? then go to : [link removed =pp] Out of courtesy to UNRV there is a link posted on the Links Forum directing visitors to this site See you there

Point taken, thanks for the advice

Battle: Teutoberg Forest or Teutoberg Wald Legions destroyed: XVII, XVIII, and XIX Year of Battle: A.D. 9 Favoured by Augustus, Publius Quinctilius Varus was made consul with Tiberius in 13 B.C. He was also married to a grand-niece of Augustus. Afterwards, Varus was made governor of Syria where, Velleius Paterculus says, a poor Varus quickly became a very wealthy man on the backs of the Syrians. When Augustus, intending to expand his dominion of Germania to the Elbe River, appointed Varus governor to Germania, Varus continued his exploitation of local populations. [edit... full post snipped and reference added per my post below=pp]

I agree Princeceps, death by hanging is ghastley! If he has to be killed perhaps lethal injection would do instead

I for one am going to see the new Bond movie, are there any other members going to see it ?

The story of the Siege of Troy is known chiefly from translations of the epic poem, The Iliad, which is attributed to the poet Homer. Tradition has it that Homer was a blind bard who lived and wandered on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. He is referred to in at least two historical references before AD: Xenophanes of Colophon, a Greek poet and philosopher, who lived from 570 B.C. to 480 B.C. refers to Homer and the historian, Herodotus, wrote, "Homer lived four hundred years before my time." This would place Homer at about 850 B.C. However, very little is actually known of Homer and there is even some doubt as to his existence. There are those who argue that Homer

When Clodius Albinus, the governor of Britain, took an army to Gaul, in pursuit of his ambitions for the throne, Britain's northern frontier became vulnerable to attack. In 197, Albinus was finally defeated by Septimius Severus, with heavy losses on both sides. There do not appear to have been sufficient troops in Britain to enable the new governor, Virius Lupus, to counter frontier incursions. Dio Cassius reports that: "Inasmuch as the Caledonians did not abide by their promises and had made ready to aid the Maeatae, and in view of the fact that Severus at the time was devoting himself to the neighbouring war [Parthia], Lupus was compelled to purchase peace from the Maeatae for a large sum; and he received a few captives." Dio Cassius explains that:... {edited per post below -- PP}

Thanks Pertinax and Decimus I will have a look in my collection for more photos Pertinax Hi Decimus In the fort museum there is evidence of shoe making! The local area was quite industrious, producing all kind of goods for trade. A rare early Byzantine jewel was found on the site of a remote farmstead in North Wales, adding to the growing evidence for the survival of Roman culture in western Britain in the post-Roman period. The jewel, a garnet inscribed with a scorpion, was made in the eastern Mediterranean in about the 6th-7th centuries AD. The discovery shows, alongside evidence from other sites, that the `independent' western British kingdoms maintained trading links with the Eastern Roman Empire, at a time when much of eastern Britain had fallen under Anglo-Saxon control. Imported Mediterranean goods of this date, such as pottery, have now been excavated at a handful of sites including the royal settlement at Tintagel in Cornwall. The jewel, from a signet-ring used for sealing letters and other documents, also demonstrates the survival of literacy and some form of bureaucratic organisation in post-Roman Wales. Recent studies of Latin inscriptions on post-Roman Welsh gravestones and other native documents point to the same conclusion. The inscribed scorpion may represent the astrological sign of Scorpio, although its significance remains unclear. The site at Cefn Cwmwd on Anglesey, excavated last year by Birmingham University's Field Archaeology Unit in advance of road-building, seems to have originated as a late Iron Age roundhouse farmstead which steadily rose in status over the succeeding centuries. By the mid-late 3rd century the occupiers were using Roman coins and fine tableware including `Samian' dishes - both extremely rare finds in North Wales. Alongside work on the farm - for which evidence includes quernstones and charred cereal remains - the occupiers found time for some modest dressing-up and for playing games. The excavators found Roman glass beads from a necklace and one gaming counter. The signet ring suggests the owners of the farm had retained their high status locally after the end of the Roman period, entitling them to use a formal signature on documents. Another high-status find was a post-Roman copper-alloy pennanular brooch with ring-and-dot ornamentation, which may once have carried an enamel inlay. Such brooches were made across western Britain in the 5th-7th centuries. Underlying the Roman farmstead, excavators found evidence for a late Neolithic/early Bronze Age timber circle - marked by a ring of substantial post-holes - with a roundhouse settlement and a cremation cemetery containing Bronze Age collared urns. Inside one urn, alongside the cremated bones, was a single blue-glazed faience bead. A photo of how Segontium fort may have looked! Notice the commanding views over the nearby Menai Straits and the Isle of Anglesey

Taken Verbatim from BBC site Segontium Roman Fort, said to have been the city Macsen Wledig saw in his dream, is situated in the heart of Caernarfon on Ffordd Cwstenin (Constantine Road). It was one of the largest Roman forts in North Wales, and, being occupied from around 77AD to 395AD, was in use for longer than any other Roman fort in Wales. This suggests that it had a role in administration, the organisation of mining operations and in the collection of taxes. Other Roman Forts in Gwynedd include Aberffraw, Pen Llystyn at Bryncir, Canovium (Caerhun), Bryn-y-Gefeiliau (Caer Llugwy), Tomen y Mur, Brithdir, Caer Gai and Cefn Caer - Pennal. Cn. Julius Agricola became governor of Britain in 77AD and was immediately faced with, and crushed, a rebellion by the tribe of Ordovices who lived in hillforts in central Wales. They had recently almost wiped out a regiment of Roman cavalry stationed in their territory. Segontium was founded by Agricola, soon after. The fort was originally built of wood with a rectangular bank and ditch enclosure and a wooden palisade. It was designed to accommodate 1000 men. It was rebuilt of stone around 140AD. After this there were frequent programmes of rebuilding, perhaps due to repeated attacks or the desire to make improvements. The site has been extensively excavated over the last 160 years. The footings of the buildings in the centre of the site have been left exposed so visitors can gain an understanding of the site. On the southside of the road is a bathhouse complex. The finds from the excavations can be seen in the museum at the site. Excavations have uncovered two bathhouses at Segontium, which were enclosed by buildings presumably used by the elite of the fort. Although it was common in Roman society for most people to use baths, at Segontium the soldiers had no access to them. The two bathhouses were not in use at the same time. The earliest bathhouse seems to have been built early in the 2nd-century and continued in use until the late third century when the bathhouse that can be seen today was built to replace it. It is probable that the later bathhouse was never completed as no evidence of a hypocaust or drainage was found. Both bathhouses contained a frigidarium, or cold room, containing a cold plunge bath in the apse; a tepidarium, or warm room, with a dry, warm atmosphere, where bathers could undress, take gentle exercise and oil themselves ready for the caldarium, or hot room, heated to temperatures of 40 degrees Celsius and containing a hot plunge bath. To heat the bath hot air from a furnace was pumped beneath the floor raised on pillars of square tiles (the hypocaust). Hot air also came through the walls in the caldarium to create a sauna affect. A Mithraic temple was found situated on what is now Lon Arfon, 170m east of the walls of the fort. It was excavated in 1958 in preparation for building houses. It differed in style from the buildings inside the fort as it was constructed of beach pebbles and roofed with slate, while they were built of brick and stone with tile roofs. This suggests that it was not built with the help of the state, but through personal devotion. The temple was built and used in the 3rd-century, at the time when Mithraism was in its most popular era. The temple measured 16m long by 7m wide divided into a narthex at the back, a nave in the middle with an aisle on each side and a niche at the front where the statue or relief of Mithras would have been positioned. No artefacts associated with Mithraism were found in the excavation, but other Mithraic temples of exactly the same design have been found elsewhere in Britain and throughout the empire. A candlestick, terracotta lamps, and a metal cup were amongst the finds as well as pottery and coins. It was abandoned in the 4th century and was destroyed soon afterwards. It is possible that the temple was ruined when Christianity was established. The barracks in the fort each accommodated 80 infantrymen or 64 cavalrymen. The other buildings included storehouses and workshops. As is shown by the position of the temple, the settlement connecting to the fort extended beyond the walls of the fort and housed families and traders. Most of the evidence for the wider settlement is inaccessible as it is under housing estates.

Hi Phil To answer your question my particular area of roman history is British sites, in the future I may start a website dedicated to the Romans in Britain as there does not appear to be one Regards Zama

Thank you for the welcome My favourite roman site is Segontium in North Wales which I have visited many times! I also like going to find the hill-forts dotted around the Welsh Marshes. Although I have to go to work soon, I intend to post some reviews/information/photos on Roman sites in Britain as time permits Kind Regards Zama

Hello to all As this is my first post I thought I may start with opening a discussion on the Romans in Britain if I may I visit many Roman sites around the U.K. and study the history of roman rule in Britain, does any other members follow this aspect of the empire and have you been able to visit any roman sites ? Zama