roman wargamer

April 22, 2007

erratum notice:

i notice that there are many typographical error, misplace code, seniority place and misnomen, i wish to correct.

before i finish my calculation on how to do the 'ditch'

M [means Lupus] stands for praetoria gate passage spike drawbridge.

Lupus or 'wolf' is a spike drawbridge in the main gate on porta praetoria.

April 17, 2007

Visual Top View of the Legio Encampment

with the individual cohors encmpment included.

.VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVMVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

V.________________________________H________________________

V.l......................................................._

V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w.

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w

V.l...............w....................w._w......................w_w.........

V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww

m.l===========================================m

V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.......ooo.ooo.w

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._w.ooo.ooo.ooo..w_w..........ooo.ooo.w

V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w.

V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w

V.l...............w....................w._w......................w_w.........

V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww

V.l......................................................._

V.________________________________g________________________

.VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVMVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

V stands for V form ditche of the legio on the first day.

_ stands for pallisades rampart of the legio.

H stands for preatoria main gate of the legio.

o stands for 5 centuria acies line.

g stands for the gate.

w [means cervus] stands for the cohors fence made of wooden fence pointed stakes.

- stands for the cohors open space use as pathway or bonfire area.

= stands for the legio open space use as cohors equites road way.

there was a four gate in the cohors encampment.

there was a open space use as pathway between contubernia as wide as two meter.

there was a open space use as pathway between contutriplia as wide as three meter.

each cohors encampment have open space between each other use as road way for the equites of the legio.

________________________________________________________________________________

notice:

that there was no figure representatiom on the right side column because it will displace everything awfully.

and the blank spaces have been use to avoid the same displacement effect when posted.

April 12, 2007

Visual Top View of the Cohors Encampment

1st Cohors on Square B2

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwgwwwwwwww

w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w

w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w

w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w

g===================================g

w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w

w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwgwwwwwwww

[] stands for 5 centuria acies line.

g stands for the cohors gate.

w [means cervus] stands for the cohors fence made of wooden fence stakes.

- stands for the cohors open space use as pathway or bonfire area

= stands for the cohors open space use as cohors equites road way

there was a open space use as pathway between contubernia as wide as two meter.

there was a open space use as pathway between contutriplia as wide as three meter.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Intervallum Space

The following Square are an intervallum space from inner camp towards the rampart and ditch.

Square A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

Square B1, B5

Square C1, C5

Square D1, D5

Square E1, E2, E3, E4, E5

The Inner Camp Space

The following Square are the inner camp space inside the intervallum.

Square B2, B3, B4,

Square C2, C3, C4

Square D2, D3, D4

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

please take note that encampment figure do not continues to fully complement actual visual view.

April 10, 2007

The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth.

which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square

_____________________________________________________________________________________

The encampment of individual contubernia, centuria, manipular acies, and cohors.

team(team)

[]. the figure contain 3 men in a tent. = 3 men

measurement and distance 2 meter depth X 3 meter width

contubernia(squad)

[].[].[]..this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 3 tent.= 9 men

measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 meter X 3 meter width.) 3 X 10 meters

plus i meter side pathway.

contutriplia(platoon)

[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 9 tent.= 27 men

measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 X 10 meter width.) 3 X 30 meters

plus i meter side pathway.

centuria(company)

[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...

this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 27 tent.= 81 men

measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 X 30 meter width.) 3 X 90 meters

plus i meter side pathway.

so, as the figure representation shows that a centuria encampment occupies a 3 X 90 meters

_____________________________________________________________________________________

so each manipular acies line encampment occupies a 12 X 90 meters area.

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww

w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...

w--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...

w--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...

w--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 meter open space

w

the 2 meter horizontal open space are use as pathway and bonfire area for cooking food

so each cohors encampment occupies roughly around 60 X 90 meters land area.

of the cohors square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth.

with still an open vacant space at thier back of around 30 X 90 meters land area.

April 8, 2007

who's who of the cohort that command every centuria line

The Centuria Line was commanded by the following Centurio Officer

The Cursores Agmen Column

First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

centuria deputatus

a.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry........centuria ordinarius velitarius

b.Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry...centurio ordinarius prior

c.Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry...centurio ordinarius posterior

Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

centuria deputatus

d.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry........centuria ordinarius velitarius

e.Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry...centurio ordinarius prior

f.Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry...centurio ordinarius posterior

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Primary Agmen Column

First Manipular Acies Line

centurio legionarius alti ordinis hastatus

1.Antepilanus Adstatus........centurio legionarius supernumerarius

3.Hastatus Prior..................centurio legionarius prior

2.Hastatus Posterior............centurio legionarius posterior

Second Manipular Acies Line

centurio legionarius alti ordinis princeps

4.Antepilanus Princeps.........centurio legionarius supernumerarius

6.Princeps Prior...................centurio legionarius prior

5.Princeps Posterior.............centurio legionarius posterior

cohors tribuni angusticlavii commanded the whole cohort

E.Cohors Equites Turmae

0.Signiferi Centuria

Third Manipular Acies Line

centurio legionarius alti ordinis triarius

7.Antepilanus Triarius..........centurio legionarius supernumerarius

9.Triarius Prior....................centurio legionarius prior

8.Triarius Posterior..............centurio legionarius posterior

_______________________________________________________________________________

erratum:

some typographical placement error on centuria code numbering, please take note.

April 4, 2007

more explainatory note on:

The Centuria was divided into 3 section name contutriplia [platoon] which have 3 contubernia.

Each contubernia is under the direct command of infantry decurion.

contubernia 1, 3, 2 group as 1 contutriplia is under the direct command of triplicarius.

triplicarius hold the left flank position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria.

contubernia 4, 6, 5 group as 2 contutriplia is under the direct command of duplicarius.

duplicarius hold the right flank position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria.

contubernia 7, 9, 8 group as 3 contutriplia is under the direct command of optio.

optio. hold the center main position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria.

the single whole centuria is under the direct command of centurio.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

typographical error and additional explainatory note on:

example of reading a code system:

ex: 321 shall be read as 3rd Cohors of the 2nd Ceturia of the 1st Contubernia

location first agmen, first manipular acies line and the most left end position contubernia.

2 here means the Hastatus Prior centuria.

ex: 765 shall be read as 6th Cohors of the 7th Ceturia of the 5th Contubernia

location third agmen, second manipular acies line and the most right end position contubernia.

6 here means the Princeps Posterior centuria.

ex: 999 shall be read as 9th Cohors of the 9th Ceturia of the 9th Contubernia

location third agmen, third manipular acies line and the most center position contubernia.

9 here means the Triarius Posterior centuria.

April 3, 2007

explainatory note on coding system use

The Code Number Use in the Cohors Coding

10th Cohors was re-coded into 0 from previous 10

____________________________________________________________________________________

The Centuria Line number coding and meaning shall be:

The Cursores Agmen Column

First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

a.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry

b.Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry

c.Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry

Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

d.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry

e.Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry

f.Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Primary Agmen Colum

1.AnteAdstatus

2.Hastatus Prior...................First Manipular Acies Line

3.Hastatus Posterior

4.AntePrinceps

5.Princeps Prior...................Second Manipular Acies Line

6.Princeps Posterior

E.Cohors Equites Turmae

0.Signiferi Centuria

7.AnteTriarius

8.Triarius Prior....................Third Manipular Acies Line

9.Triarius Posterior

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Contubernia number coding and meaning shall be:

.....1.............3..............2...............7.............9.............8.......

[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...

(for the error in positioning that i can not correct regardless of what i do)

......4..............6.............5.........

.[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...

( i notice the right place and number is in error in preview post so i add this to highlight things)

The Centuria was divided into 3 section name contutriplia which have 3 contubernia.

Each contubernia is under the direct command of infantry decurion.

contubernia 1, 3, 2 group as 1 contutriplia is under the direct command of triplicarius.

contubernia 4, 6, 5 group as 2 contutriplia is under the direct command of duplicarius.

contubernia 7, 9, 8 group as 3 contutriplia is under the direct command of optio.

the single whole centuria is under the direct command of centurio.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

example of reading a code system:

ex: 321 shall be read as 3rd Cohors of the 2nd Ceturia of the 1st Contubernia

location first agmen, first manipular acies line and the most left end position contubernia.

ex: 765 shall be read as 6th Cohors of the 7th Ceturia of the 5th Contubernia

location third agmen, second manipular acies line and the most right end position contubernia.

ex: 999 shall be read as 9th Cohors of the 0th Ceturia of the 8th Contubernia

location third agmen, third manipular acies line and the most center position contubernia.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

i will try to position the individual encampment of the contubernia, centuria and cohors.

March 31, 2007

See below for layout of Camp:
http://www.roman-empire.net/army/camp2.html

could you give to me the measurement of that camp layout... it is very small.

it will not be able to contain even a thousand men.

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square

Every Square are of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth

As you all see there was an open field in the center like an 'O' ring or inner camp intervallum.

Each Cohors encampment occupied an area of around 60 meters depth X 90 meters width.

so each cohors still have an open empty space at their back use for forum or military review.

._________._________._________._________._________.

............................................................................................

.............................................................................................

......................................,101010101......................................

......................................,101010101.....................................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,..................

.....................,111...........,333333333,.............222,.................

.....................,111..................................,,........222,................

.....................,111....................................,,......222,................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.....................,777..........,999999999......,,......888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999........,,....888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999..........,,..888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999.........,,...888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,.................

._________._________._________._________._________.

....................,,444.............................,,............555,.................

....................,,444...............................,,..........555,.................

....................,,444..........,666666666......,,......555,...................

...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,....................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.............................................................................................

._________._________._________._________._________.

March 30, 2007

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square

The Visual Top View, Position and Formation of Legion inner emcampment

period was use to aide in placing the cohors code number in the right place.

._________._________._________._________._________.

............................................................................................

.............................................................................................

......................................,101010101......................................

......................................,101010101.....................................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,..................

.....................,111...........,333333333,.............222,.................

.....................,111..................................,,........222,................

.....................,111....................................,,......222,................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.....................,777..........,999999999......,,......888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999........,,....888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999..........,,..888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999.........,,...888,.................

.....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,.................

._________._________._________._________._________.

....................,,444.............................,,............555,.................

....................,,444...............................,,..........555,.................

....................,,444..........,666666666......,,......555,...................

...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,....................

._________._________._________._________._________.

.............................................................................................

._________._________._________._________._________.

March 28, 2007

________________________________________________________________________________

The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth.

which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square

________________________________________________________________________________

Code Number of the Square for easy Location Identification

._________._________._________._________._________.

...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of A

._________._________._________._________._________.

...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of B

._________._________._________._________._________.

...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of C

._________._________._________._________._________.

...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of D

._________._________._________._________._________.

...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of E

._________._________._________._________._________.

The Intervallum Space

The following Square are an intervallum space from inner camp towards the rampart and ditch.

Square A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

Square B1, B5

Square C1, C5

Square D1, D5

Square E1, E2, E3, E4, E5

The Inner Camp Space

The following Square are the inner camp space inside the intervallum.

Square B2, B3, B4,

Square C2, C3, C4

Square D2, D3, D4

_______________________________________________________________________________

The Code Number Use in the Cohors Coding

1st Cohors was coded into 9

2nd Cohors was coded into 8

3rd Cohors was coded into 7

4th Cohors was coded into 6

5th Cohors was coded into 5

6th Cohors was coded into 4

7th Cohors was coded into 3

8th Cohors was coded into 2

9th Cohors was coded into 1

10th Cohors was coded into 10

________________________________________________________________________________

The Manipular Acies Line number and meaning shall be:

Hastatus Prior...................First Manipular Acies Line

Hastatus Posterior

AnteAdstatus

Princeps Prior...................Second Manipular Acies Line

Princeps Posterior

AntePrinceps

Cohors Equites Turmae

Signiferi Centuria

Triarius Prior....................Third Manipular Acies Line

Triarius Posterior

AnteTriarius

The Cursores Agmen line

First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry

Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry

AnteVelitarius...........light infantry

Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen

Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry

Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry

AnteVelitarius...........light infantry

as i have pointed out... clearly there are 16 centuria lines in the cohors.

(i can not just remember in what Greek battle [book] a cohors military tribune

commanded his cohors 16 centuria lines against not yet form enemy phalanx formation )

but i am sure... many of you are aware of this story... unless you never read it yet.

________________________________________________________________________________

The following formation are of Marius time towards Caesar time.

if i will add the innovation done by Julius Caesar the formation and organization number will expand

March 26, 2007

note: all numbers are rounded to the nearest whole for easy understanding for non technical people

writer claim that a legion have 16,000 men of war or 1,600 men per cohors

a cohors have 16 centuria and 5 manipular acies lines.

( manipular acies line means have 3 ceturia, for example the Hastatus Manipular Acies line= have the

Hastatus Prior, Hastatus Posterior, and Anteadstatus )

time element: before and around Julius Caesar era

the camp form will be in perfect square for easy viewing and computation.

although terrain will normally prevent this, but size and distance is almost near the same.

____________________________________________________________________________________

The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth.

which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth

._____.______.______.______.______.

. . . . . .

._____.______.______.______.______.

. . . . . .

._____._____._______.______.______.

. . . . . .

._____._____._______.______.______.

. . . . . .

._____._____._______.______.______.

. . . . . .

._____._____._______.______.______.

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square

___________________________________________________________________________________

i claim copyrighted on this work. Rad Dulay

i will explain other details on my next visit, please bear on my limted time.

March 19, 2007

and a marching fort built by a unit en-route

only the whole legio could build the standard camp because it needs a surrounding intervallum

and en route base camp was build only in one day.

from the inner base limit, their is an intervallum or empty space that runs a humdred meters towards

the four sides of the man made ramp of soil, protected by palisade and outside ditch.

As for marching, cohorts did not rely on travelling from settlement to settlement.

2) Would a lone cohort travel more than a days march from their legion and
if so how would it camp fortified or unfortified?

in time of war...NO!, they must return at base camp before night fall, even if on a mission.
in time of peace... they travel by village to village within a day march, the settlement will

be their safety haven or protection against surprise attack.

as i said...within a day march. not longer than that.

after the mission, they must return to the base camp for protection against night attack.

my stand was "the settlement will be their safety haven"

as the following qouted passage will show, a detached unit or cohors of the legio stay's in... settlement:

"There was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius,

a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment."

Acts 10:1 NKJV

and from the wording indicated of a real regular detach unit of Italian or Roman legio.

i am doing some recomputation of my Roman Legiones en-route marching camp.

March 13, 2007

The exact same statistical arguement applies to the larger legionary encampment...

wrong... cohortia is smaller compared to legio. so the distance will be shorter.

...and therefore you have argued that they couldn't do that either -

it is my stand that legio build their en route marching camp within that day, around 5/6 hours time.

i only dis-agree! that you claim a cohort built their own en route camp.

when my argument say's that cohort never go away from main legio more than a day's marching distance.

...but we know they did - it really is just a question of scale.

i agree... it is just a question how the Roman Legio do it.

Remember that we're not talking about a permanent fort capable of withstanding a siege.

did you know it?

when the Roman Legio travel away... at the end of the day's march... they build a camp...everyday.

then we have a different understanding? isn't it about the the cohors or legio camp?

a roman legio camp have an intervallum, and rampart with palisades and soil taken from the ditch.

The surrounding ditch is just as useful for drainage as protection and the palisade not especially impressive.

the ditch depth was around 2 meter plus the 2 meters rampart made from soil excavation and

around 4 meters wide.

The whole point is that these camps were overnight accomodation only.

it is not what i believe... it was designed to prevent the enemy any easy and successful night raid

and any enemy army deliberate attack to destroy the whole legio.

Spartacus have destroyed a legio in a night attack.

March 11, 2007

in time of war...

in my in-depth guesswork a cohort have an average of 16 infantry centurion line and an equites turmae.

Sorry - can you explain the infantry part a bit clearer (16 infantry centurion line) and the term signeferi centuria. I know a turmae is a small cavalry unit and part of an alae.

a turmae have around 30 men of equites from legio for cohortes.

the cohortes have each own signiferi team, staff men, messenger and guards unit compose into centuria.

can you explain the infantry part a bit clearer (16 infantry centurion line)

an infantry line term to me, means; what unrv called the Centuria.

Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contubernium with a total of 80 men commanded by a centurion.

but my formation and number was little bit different:

like the Contubernium: [ in unrv it is (tent group) consisted of 8 men]

a team of contubernia to me is like this, a 9 men team,

three men abreast in front, three men a the back, and three men in the rear

[]/.[]/.[]/.

i will pm you a more detailed one on this.

my apology on late reply, i run out of time the last time i visit the net.

March 11, 2007

Much smaller and more basic, but generally of a similar format in layout.

really, then let's see how it will be technically possible?

but enough for a modicum of protection.

so then, first let's ask, what is cohort we are talking about? how big is it?

from unrv military post of the legion: cohort have 480 fighting men

Cohorts: (cohort) included 6 centuriae or a total of 480 fighting men, not including officers.

divided into;

Contubernium: (tent group) consisted of 8 men.

Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contubernium with a total of 80 men commanded by a centurion

then let's rounded the number into 500 fighting men for easy computation.

A simple ditch and palisade surrounding the camp and none too large,

if every man needs a 5 square meter of moving space,

then a cohort with 500 men will needs at around 25,000 square meter of space inside the inner camp.

then add the intervallum of 100 meters space of distance from inner camp into the rampart edge.

so one side of your "simple ditch and palisade surrounding the camp" will be 450 linear square meter long.

or 18,000 linear square meter long in four sides of the camp..

if we will take the standard ditch size of 2 square meter depth and 4 meter square width.

then the whole cohort will need to excavate 14,400 cubic meter of soil in a day.

or around 25 cubic meters of soil to excavate per man in a day.

is this your own "simple ditch and palisade surrounding the camp and none too large," likely possible

base on my experience; a man will barely exceeds 8 square cubic meter in 8 hours.

in force labor.

then it is your call to re-compute my number or the re-organization of the cohort.

it is technically and logistically impossible for every man to excavate 25 cu.m. in a day / or 5 hours.

forgive me if i made mistake in my written computation.

March 8, 2007

and a marching fort built by a unit en-route

only the whole legio could build the standard camp because it needs a surrounding intervallum

and en route base camp was build only in one day.

from the inner base limit, their is an intervallum or empty space that runs a humdred meters towards

the four sides of the man made ramp of soil, protected by palisade and outside ditch.

As for marching, cohorts did not rely on travelling from settlement to settlement.

2) Would a lone cohort travel more than a days march from their legion and
if so how would it camp fortified or unfortified?

in time of war...NO!, they must return at base camp before night fall, even if on a mission.
in time of peace... they travel by village to village within a day march, the settlement will

be their safety haven or protection against surprise attack.

as i said...within a day march. not longer than that.

after the mission, they must return to the base camp for protection against night attack.

March 6, 2007

In "Under the Eagle" (p76),
the Tribune Vitellius takes commands of a cohort and marches on a mission to a local village.

in time of war...

in my in-depth guesswork a cohort have an average of 16 infantry centurion line and an equites turmae.

1) Would a Tribune travel with a retinue (personal slaves, military staff, bodyguards)?

this could settle the matter.

the cohort equites turmae is under his direct commands and the cohort signeferi centuria.

2) Would a lone cohort travel more than a days march from their legion and
if so how would it camp fortified or unfortified?

in time of war...NO!, they must return at base camp before night fall, even if on a mission.

in time of peace... they travel by village to village within a day march, the settlement will

be their safety haven or protection against surprise attack.

3) Do you believe cohorts undertook such missions without the direct suppoprt of their legion?

yes!

a legiones cohortia is the modern day equivalent of military battalion,

so it is almost a self contained unit that everything it needs is almost their for the war and mission.

March 2, 2007

i could be a real Fox.

it almost defines most of my attributes. what a coincidence.

Fox

Genera and species: Vulpes vulpes

Collective Term: A skulk of foxes

Description

Appealing and cerebral and of average size, the fox is a close relative of both the wolf and dog personalities and displays typical canine qualities of loyalty, passion and creativity. Largely misunderstood to be a shy, retreating individual, it's the fox's unique stature as a small carnivore that defines its survival strategy. Because it cannot succeed in the world using brute force alone, it must rely on its sharp mind and engaging personality to garner resources, and it consequently spends a lot of time in its head -- giving the impression that it's trying to outsmart its friends. So the fox is often surprised to learn that its intellectual pursuits are intimidating.

So, the fox tempers its serious nature with a sardonic sense of humor and engaging playfulness while interacting with its eclectic community. It expects others to be as honest about their strengths and shortcomings as it is of its own, and while these high expectations don't make the fox a snob, it expects its friends to first demonstrate their worthiness before returning the favor with loyalty and devotion.

Foxes are typically successful in the work place but their competitiveness and ambition sometimes makes coworkers feel belittled. They would never deliberately take advantage of others, but their single-mindedness often blinds them to their feelings. So they thrive in their own businesses and like to surround themselves with family and friends in these ventures. Although they demand consensus in all decisions, they dominate discussions and steer the plans to reflect their own agenda.

A discussion with a fox is invariably stimulating and challenging. Its great curiosity and worldly experience makes it a wonderful conversationalist and it's able to hold forth on a number of different topics with ease. Sometimes, however, the fox will view a conversation as a competitive challenge, which proves to be off-putting and annoying to its companions.

Careers and Hobbies

Computer

Chess

Debating

Famous Foxes

David Duchovny, Hugh Grant, Johnny Cocharan, Michael J. Fox.

January 26, 2007

what a good news!!!

to links on the legendary founders Romulus and Remus.

January 19, 2007

Mortgarten, about 1,000 to 1,500 cavalry...Laupen, about 3,000-4,000 cavalry.

then i concedes i was wrong and never know that facts.

and it more pointed that infantry can really defeat cavalry.

January 13, 2007

I tried to be as clear as possible: what the roman cavalry of Pompey did at Pharsalus it's not relevant to knights. Apples and oranges.

i am not comparing Roman cavalry to knights.

pointing only to facts that Romanus Legiones Infantry could defeat a superior enemy cavalry.

while their is no recorded fact the medieval infantry ever defeated a thousand cavalry in battle.

January 13, 2007

When cavalry met infantry in battle, the cavalry (both man and animal) was exposed to any thrusting weapon.

when stab at the face the horse will normally turn around and run berserk.

January 11, 2007

Our opinions on roman infantry weapons of the principate are different.
I do not believe that thay carried so many spears, just a pilum and that was for throwing.

then it is your good opinion we will let stand.

as my workguess say's different story: on Julius Caesar era.

Hastati or Hastatus name was derived from the very weapon they use- the Hasta.

a long thrusting spear; hasta is not a javelin or pilum for throwing.

So, I see them rather defenceless against impact cavalry.

at the battle of Pharsalus, we see a different scenario;

a qoute from unrv battle of Pharsalus

With both armies set, it was Caesar and not Pompey who ordered the initial advance. Pompey hoped the long charge would tire Caesar's army, but the veterans understood the danger and stopped when they noticed that the enemy wasn't coming out to meet them. The battle slowly developed as an infantry skirmish in the center until Pompey finally unleashed Labienus and the cavalry. Pompey's horsemen hit Caesar's Germanic and Gallic cavalry hard, buckling their resistance. Pompey ordered his archers and slingers to fill in behind the cavalry to push the assault and provide a heavy blanket of covering fire. Just as Caesar's cavalry was beginning to retreat, and Labienus was starting to turn the right flank, Caesar ordered his reserve infantry to launch their surprise assault. Using their pila much like medieval pikes, Caesar's 3,000 infantry attacked the 7,000 Pompeian cavalry with ferocity, targeting the riders exposed faces. The effect was devastating, and Labienus was overwhelmed. The cavalry routed and turned towards its own lines, not only leaving their own vulnerable archer units completely exposed but likely trampling many as they went.

Romanus Legiones Infantry could defeat a superior enemy cavalry. as Caesar show us.

January 9, 2007

which comitia ; [ curiata , or centuriata ]

should be read 'which comitia [ curiata , or centuriata ] really represent the people.

( who are the real people of Rome, when they happen to a confederation of 12 tribes )

January 6, 2007

The Comitia Curiata was established c. 625 BCE

on my workguess... the members of the Comitia Curiata was the Plebeian people or clan elders.

so it means they begin c. 625 bce. ad initio with the federation of the 12 tribe.

cause if they are not... then who are the members of the comitia curiata.

if you are claiming that the plebian do not exist until 550 bce...
and only when the comitia tributa was created.

then i strongly disagree on that matters.

_____________________________________________________________

No , I don't . But actualy the Plebeian movement started only in the 490' !

the Plebeian movement started on 490 was an act of legal grievances...

to re-gain some power and function they have since the beginning.

because the comitia centuriata usurped the exclusive and sole fucntion they use to have.

to conferred the imperium to the new king to make him legal and not a 'de facto' king or tyrant.

tyrant is existing only by the effect of un-opposed military superiority of the centuriata or legio.

hope we can 'peruse' your book references to clear the matter.

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Posts posted by roman wargamer