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I never heard of that term before. I don’t know any Latin, but the term “senatores ambulantes” doesn’t seem right. The term “senatores pedarii” would seem better, but I don’t think Cicero used that term either. Here is a later use of the term “senatores pedarii.” https://latin.packhum.org/loc/1254/1/93/316-323?utm_source=copilot.com#93 Here is an English translation of the above passage from the Roman grammarian Aulus Gellius (AD 125-180). Gellius was known for his “Attic Nights,” a compilation of notes on grammar, philosophy, and history. Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 3.18 - Translation "What 'pedarian senators' are, and why they are called that; and what the origin is of the words found in the traditional edict of the consuls: "senators and all those who are permitted to give an opinion in the senate.' There are many people who think that pedarii senatores were so called because they did not give their opinion in the senate by speaking, but instead went over with their feet to the opinion of another. But what then? When a senatorial decree was passed by division, did not all the senators give their vote with their feet? There is also another explanation of this term, which is said to be the true one, and which Gavius Bassus recorded in his commentaries. He says that in ancient times those senators who had held a curule magistracy were accustomed, as a mark of honor, to be carried to the Curia in a chariot, in which there was a seat on which they sat - and for this reason it was called the sella curulis. But those senators who had not yet held a curule magistracy went to the Curia on foot. Therefore, the senators who were not curule magistrates were called pedarii, 'the walking ones.'

Another article on the find. (There are only a few pictures available of the find.) https://www.heritagedaily.com/2026/03/gladiatorial-reliefs-discovered-near-the-appian-way/157415

Here is a short video to go along with the poem:

Here is a brief video (partially in Latin) of the Roman invasion of Britain under Emperor Claudius in AD 43. The pretext for the invasion was Rome’s coming to the defense of the pro-Roman King Verica who had been expelled by the Atrebates tribe. More likely, Claudius needed a military victory to solidify his authority as emperor.

I do hope you’re feeling better. I remember a discussion, possibly on another forum, of the Roman procedure of couching, as mentioned by Guido above. Here’s a simple short video on the ancient procedure: https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/roman-cataract-surgery/

Two Roman mosaics from Lusitania have been highlighted, one of which depicts a drunken Hercules (above) and a Medusa head (below). These mosaics were first discovered at the Roman villa of Rabaçal in central Portugal in 2023. The Roman Empire divided Iberia into three provinces: Lusitania (modern day Portugal and western Spain), as well as Baetica and Terraconensis. https://arkeonews.net/from-a-drunken-hercules-to-a-watchful-medusa-roman-mosaics-in-portugal-reveal-myth-power-and-protection/

This is an interesting article about the fascinating frescoes at the Pompeian property of the House of the Thiasus, named after the term for a Dionysian procession. The article describes the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of a spectacularly decorated Dionysian dining hall in a massive Pompeian residence now called the House of the Thiasus. Its vivid frescoes-painted between 40-30 B.C.-depict ecstatic followers of Dionysus, violent maenads, and lavish food imagery, offering new insight into Pompeii's deep, centuries-long engagement with the mystery cult of Dionysus. One of the article's most important contributions is showing that Pompeii's relationship with Dionysus was: Older than previously thought More pervasive across social classes More deeply tied to household religion than to public cult This article contrasts the findings of the House of the Thiasus (located in Pompeii) and the Villa of the Mysteries (located outside the city walls) House of the Thiasus Located inside Pompeii, embedded in an elite urban neighborhood. Part of a massive townhouse complex, renovated repeatedly to project status. The Dionysian room is one chamber within a multifunctional domestic environment. Villa of the Mysteries A suburban villa outside the city walls. A self-contained estate with agricultural, residential, and ritual spaces. The famous fresco room is part of a villa designed for retreat, leisure, and elite display. Implication: The House of the Thiasus shows Dionysian ritual inside the everyday fabric of city life, not just in secluded villas. The Villa of the Mysteries is a Dionysian initiation environment— a place where individuals underwent symbolic transformation through a structured ritual narrative. Both are Dionysian, but they represent two different faces of the god: Dionysus the bringer of ecstasy and abundance (House of the Thiasus) Dionysus the initiator into mystery and rebirth (Villa of the Mysteries) https://archaeology.org/issues/march-april-2026/features/pompeiis-house-of-dionysian-delights/ Here is a previous thread on the find from early information:

The via Appia is the vital Roman road that extends nearly 400 miles (650 km) from the city of Rome to Brindisi on the Adriatic coast. Here is a slightly older story about a funerary monument found near the road in the province of Benevento. It depicts a gladiatorial scene and dates from the first century AD. The image suggests that the individual buried there had a connection to gladiatorial games: possibly a lanista (gladiator owner, manager, and trainer) or a game sponsor and organizer. Hopefully, further information and images concerning the find will be released in the near future. https://arkeonews.net/monumental-roman-tomb-with-gladiator-scenes-discovered-along-ancient-via-appia/ https://www.ilmattino.it/en/gladiators_and_memory_the_rediscovered_funerary_monument_of_apollosa-9413882.html

A Carthaginian coin from the first century BCE was used as bus fare in Leeds, England, in the 1950s when it was unknowingly accepted by the cashier for Leeds City Transport. It was rediscovered by the grandson and donated to the local museum. Origin of the Coin Minted by Carthaginians (Phoenician culture) in Gadir/ Gades (modern Cádiz, Spain). Features Melqart, a Phoenician god often depicted like Herakles wearing a lionskin. https://news.leeds.gov.uk/news/fare-to-say-ancient-coin-has-travelled-through-time#:~:text=Fare to say ancient coin has travelled through time

In AD 8, Ovid was sentenced for unknown reasons to exile in the fringes of the Empire in Tomis, modern Constanța, Bulgaria, on the Black Sea coast. Recently, 34 Roman-era graves have been discovered during hospital renovations in the city. Also recovered was a bronze parade shield boss. These date to the 3rd-4th century AD. Amphorae from Africa, possibly used for wine or olive oil, were found at the site. They indicate commercial connections between Tomis and North Africa during the Roman Empire. In funerary contexts, these vessels may point to both wealth derived from trade and symbolic expressions of status. Two other finds: 3rd-century Greek inscription revealing social/ spiritual structure of Roman Tomis. Shield umbo from a ceremonial parade shield— extremely rare in funerary contexts, implying elite or military honor. heritagedail... Why It Matters Confirms strong commercial links between Tomis and North Africa during the Roman Empire. Indicates wealth and status among individuals buried in this sector. https://www.heritagedaily.com/2026/03/34-roman-period-tombs-found-in-ancient-tomis/157221

Above is a short video by the talented Max Miller explaining a gladiator diet. Below is an older post that explores the gladiator diet in more detail.

Below is a very good short video describing the Ostrogoths and Visigoths: Key moments: Battle of Adrianople (378 CE): Visigoths defeat Emperor Valens, a turning point in Roman military history. Sack of Rome (410 CE): Alaric I leads the Visigoths in the first sack of Rome in 800 years. Theodoric the Great (493-526 CE): Ostrogothic king who ruled Italy with remarkable administrative sophistication. Kingdoms They Founded Visigothic Kingdom in Gaul and later Hispania (capital at Toledo) Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy (capital at Ravenna) Both kingdoms blended Roman law, Christian religion, and Germanic traditions.

Archaeologists have uncovered a temple to Mithras in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. The temple dates to AD 80-171. Regensburg (ancient Castra Regina) was established in the early 2nd century AD as the permanent base for Legio III Italica, a legion deployed to guard the Danube frontier. The Regensburg Mithraeum provides insight into the religious life of the legionaries along the Danube Limes. https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/04/the-cult-of-mithras-archaeologists-find-signs-of-ancient-men-only-mysterious-religion-in-g

Dupuytren’s contracture is a potentially crippling fibrotic condition of the fingers being permanently bent in a flexed position. Here is an interesting article suggesting that having Dupuytren’s contracture might be a genetic trait inherited from the Neanderthals. The video and article below describes this association. Because of its frequency in some populations, Dupuytren’s contracture has been called the Viking disease or Celtic hand. In Norway, about 30% of men over 60 have the condition and in the United Kingdom, 25% of the men over 65 have the condition. (Above is President Reagan who famously suffered from the condition.) https://www.livescience.com/health/genetics/mysterious-viking-disease-linked-to-neanderthal-dna On the subject of Neanderthals, here’s a short video from the BBC suggesting that Neanderthals had a high-pitched voice: Here’s an interesting post about human and Neanderthal interactions:

Thanks for reading my post. I agree the current obsession with race can distort and even trivialize research findings. Even so, an individual of African descent being found in distant Bulgaria is historically meaningful, because it highlights the interconnectedness of the Empire. More importantly for me, I was surprised that so few elderly individuals were discovered among the remains studied.

A rounded limestone fragment is thought to be a piece of a game. It was found near Heerlen, Netherlands, at the archaeological site of Corovallum. AI was used to evaluate the use-wear, leading to proposed guidelines. Below are images of potential glass game pieces discovered at the site. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-ancient-roman-game-board-was-a-mystery-researchers-used-ai-to-figure-out-how-to-play-180988266/ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/ludus-coriovalli-using-artificial-intelligencedriven-simulations-to-identify-rules-for-an-ancient-board-game/E5644BD43F8A5DC86DD1183A3E645ED9 Corovallum near Heerlen was a military and civilian settlement on the frontier of Germania Inferior. The site was an important industrial and logistical hub, known for large-scale Roman pottery production.

There was a previous post about the rare Roman practice of gypsum burial (see below). Above is a 3D picture of a gypsum burial of two adults and an infant. Maureen Carroll, a researcher in York, has studied approximately 70 gypsum burials. At least seven belonged to children, including three infants under 4 months old, two in middle to late childhood, and two adolescents. The gypsum burial occurred in 3rd and 4th century AD in Roman York. It involved placing the body in a container of stone or lead as well as clothing and wrapping the body. The body was then covered with gypsum before burial. Because of the expense and effort involved with gypsum burials, bodies of infants were usually placed in far less expensive amphorae or parts of amphorae, ceramic tile boxes, or wooden boxes. This finding points to at least elite families’ treasuring their young children. https://seeingthedead.ac.uk/blog/children-among-dead-yorks-gypsum-burials https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/romans/babies-werent-supposed-to-be-mourned-in-the-roman-empire-these-rare-liquid-gypsum-burials-prove-otherwise

Two Roman lead ingots have been discovered by two local detectorists in Ceredigion, Wales. They have a production date of AD 87, during the reign of Domitian. This finding helps to confirm the developed industrial and cultural base in Roman Wales. There have been several previous posts on recent Roman discoveries in Wales (see below). https://nation.cymru/news/rare-roman-treasure-found-by-metal-detectorists/ Ceredigion, Wales:

The Greco-Roman city of Heraclea Sintica in Bulgaria has been the site of archaeological research (see post below). Analysis of a necropolis of 156 graves at the site of yielded some interesting findings. Most of the individuals studied died before the age of 40, with a rare individual over 60. One woman researched had died in the second half of the fourth century AD and was aged 35-40. Analysis points to someone of mixed European and African descent. https://www.bta.bg/en/news/culture/1070372-anthropological-analysis-reveals-mixed-race-inhabitants-of-heraclea-sintica

A Roman-era coffin, containing “the Princess of Bagicz,” has been the source of controversy. It is the only wooden coffin from the Roman era found in Poland. It was discovered in northwestern Poland in 1899, after erosion caused it to fall off a cliff into the Baltic Sea. The coffin is a hollow oak log typical of the Wielbark culture (1st–4th c. AD). The woman, aged 25–30 and about 145 cm tall, showed signs of lower-spine osteoarthritis, suggesting she engaged in hard labor despite her elite burial. Grave goods included a bronze fibula, a bone pin, two bronze bracelets, and a necklace made of glass and amber. Organic items such as a stool, hide, and textiles were originally present but were lost during WWII. The burial's dating has been a subject of debate. Radiocarbon analysis yielded a date range of 160 BCE to AD 50, while the artifacts suggested a later date of AD 110-160. A dendrochronological analysis of the tree rings was conducted in 2024. It suggested that her wooden coffin was made around AD 120 (± 7 or 8 years). The burial of the Princess of Bagicz, long debated due to conflicting radiocarbon and typological dates, has now been precisely dated to the early 2nd century AD based on dendrochronological analysis of the oak log coffin. The woman, a young adult of modest stature but high social status, was interred with jewelry and imported materials characteristic of the Wielbark culture. Isotope analysis indicates Scandinavian origins, possibly Öland (an island off the southeast coast of Sweden in the Baltic Sea). This case illustrates the limitations of radiocarbon dating in environments influenced by reservoir and hard-water effects. Late Roman writer Jordanes claimed the Goths originated in Scandinavia and crossed the Baltic to settle near the Vistula. Archaeology can't confirm this directly, but it does show a surge in Scandinavian cultural elements during the formation of the Wielbark culture. Burial practices such as log coffins, stone circles, specific brooches, and elite female dress resemble those of southern Sweden, especially Öland and Gotland. The Princess of Bagicz burial illustrates Scandinavian mobility and influence during the early Wielbark period. Her oak log coffin, dated to around AD 120, along with her grave goods, situates her within this cultural context. Strontium isotope analysis shows she came from Öland, Sweden, providing rare evidence of Scandinavian movement. Her coffin, jewelry, and burial style align with Scandinavian elite traditions, reflecting migration, cultural blending, and identity formation related to the Goths. Her burial confirms that Scandinavians were present and shaping the region's cultural landscape. https://archaeologymag.com/2026/02/the-princess-of-bagicz-re-dated/ https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/75418 https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-science-news/new-study-resolves-dating-discrepancy-in-roman-iron-age-coffin https://www.newsdirectory3.com/roman-coffin-age-solved-dendrochronology-dates-princess-of-bagicz/ Dating Ancient Wood:

This is an interesting video that attempts to explain why Roman civilization in Britain collapsed completely after the Roman withdrawal, while in other parts of the Empire, such as Gaul (modern France), it adapted and survived. Four reasons explain this difference: 1. Geography: Britain's island status led to greater isolation. 2. Thin elite: The Romano-Celtic elite in Britain was less established than in Gaul, resulting in fewer people invested in maintaining Roman systems. 3. Anglo-Saxon unfamiliarity: Unlike the Franks, the Anglo-Saxons had no prior connection or appreciation for Roman institutions. 4. No Church presence: In Gaul, the Catholic Church acted as a bridge institution, safeguarding literacy, law, and administration, but such a bridge was absent or underdeveloped in conquered Britain. Britain’s experience shows that the Roman Empire didn’t collapse uniformly. Britain’s unique and total civilizational collapse highlights that the survival of Roman culture depended on the active preservation by institutions, which failed or were destroyed in Britain.

The Passage of Commodus has finally been opened to the public. This article is a follow-up to an earlier post (see the post above). Colosseum Archaeological Park — Rome The article announces the first-ever public opening of the Passage of Commodus, the hidden corridor Roman emperors used to enter the Colosseum unseen. After a major restoration, roughly 30 meters of the passage are now accessible. Key Points The Passage is a secret imperial corridor leading directly to the emperor’s box in the Colosseum. 1. Restoration Highlights Marble-clad walls restored, with visible traces of ancient metal clamps. Stucco vault decorations depicting Dionysus, Ariadne, and arena scenes (see picture below). Painted plaster and reconstructed vault sections recreate the original play of light. A tactile map and digital reconstructions help visitors understand lost iconography. 2. Accessibility & Visitor Experience Restoration funded partly through Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP). It was made handicap-accessible with a retractable staircase. Small groups of eight visitors at a time may enter Visitors can watch ongoing restoration work through a glass door at the end of the route. 3. Where the Passage Led (Still Unknown) Two main hypotheses: - It was connected to the imperial palaces on the Palatine Hill. - It was linked to the Ludus Magnus, the gladiators’ training complex. Inside the Colosseum’s Passage of Commodus, where emperors once walked | Popular Science

There was a previous post on the painting, dressing, and perfuming of ancient statues (see below). Here is another article on the use of perfumes on ancient statues, which helps confirm the belief that the ancient world, including Ancient Rome, was a vibrant place, not the marble-white world previously imagined. Above are replicas of the Peplos Kore statue from the Acropolis in Athens (c. 530 BCE). The replica to the right shows how the image looked in antiquity. Summary of the Article Archaeologists have uncovered strong evidence that ancient Greek and Roman statues were painted, dressed, and perfumed. This suggests that classical sculpture was a multisensory experience rather than merely a visual art form. Key Findings A new study in the Oxford Journal of Archaeology shows that statues were treated with oils, waxes, and aromatic substances to enhance their appearance. Lead researcher Cecilie Brøns analyzed ancient texts and physical residues on sculptures, demonstrating that scent played a deliberate role in how statues were experienced. Historical Evidence Classical authors such as Cicero and Callimachus described statues being anointed with perfumes. Records from Delos list materials like olive oil, beeswax, and rose perfumes used in ritual offerings. Perfuming statues was part of religious devotion, not mere decoration. Archaeological Evidence Excavations on Delos uncovered perfume workshops, suggesting local production for ritual use. Techniques like ganosis (coating with wax and oil) preserved and enhanced statue surfaces. Roman authors Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder recorded the use of specific waxes and oils for various purposes. sculpture maintenance. Multisensory Ritual Context Statues were also decorated with textiles and jewelry (kosmesis), emphasizing their sacred importance. During festive celebrations such as Floralia, statues were decorated with flowers, creating a pleasant natural scent in the air. Residues such as beeswax on a statue of Queen Berenice II indicate that scented treatments can survive archaeologically. https://greekreporter.com/2026/02/15/greek-statues-paint-dress-perfume/

Professor Licence found an interesting hoard, known as The Bury St Edmunds Hoard, in Britain last year. The remarkable Iron Age hoard of 18 gold coins was discovered on March 9, 2024, by Prof. Tom Licence of the University of East Anglia while metal-detecting near Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. The coins date to the reign of Dubnovellaunos, a ruler of the Trinovantes tribe between 25 BC and AD 10, and the find is now considered the largest known hoard associated with him. Tom Licence, Professor of Medieval History and Literature at the University of East Anglia: The hoard includes 16 gold staters and 1 quarter-stater, along with an Addedomaros wheel stater that helps confirm the correct spelling of the ruler Addedomaros’s name. One coin was struck from a previously unrecorded die, adding to the scholarly value of the discovery. The coins were found on an east-facing slope, a location often associated with ritual or votive deposits. Licence believes the combination of the rising sun and a nearby spring suggests a spiritual purpose behind the burial. The hoard is expected to fetch around £25,000 at auction. The sale is scheduled for March 4, 2026, with individual coins estimated at £1,500-£3,600. Licence and the landowner will each keep one coin and share compensation through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Here is information from the auctioneer's catalogue: Who Were the Trinovantes? The Trinovantes were among the most powerful Iron Age tribes in southeastern Britain before the Roman conquest. They minted their own coinage and maintained political ties with neighboring tribes, including the Catuvellauni. Their territory encompassed modern Essex, Suffolk, and parts of Hertfordshire. Why Gold Staters Matter: Gold staters were high‑value coins used for: Elite gift‑exchange Paying warriors or mercenaries Ritual offerings Diplomatic relationships between tribes Finding a concentrated group of them—especially from a single ruler—is rare and historically significant. Dubnovellaunos: A Shadowy King Dubnovellaunos is known primarily through: Coin inscriptions A brief mention in Roman sources His rule likely overlapped with the early years of Roman expansion into Britain. Coins bearing his name help historians map political boundaries and alliances during a turbulent period. Religious Significance of Hoards Many Iron Age hoards appear to be votive offerings rather than savings buried for later retrieval. Common features include: Placement near springs or water sources Burial on hill slopes or ridges Orientation toward the rising sun The location of this hoard fits that pattern, strengthening the theory of ritual deposition. History professor finds huge Iron Age hoard Summary of Info - Noonans.indd

A Roman apse has been found beneath Cologne’s town square. An apse is built into the end of a hall or larger room, which signifies a large public structure and not a warehouse or private residence. https://www.heritagedaily.com/2026/02/monumental-roman-apse-discovered-beneath-colognes-town-hall-square/157010 https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2026/02/excavations-at-the-roman-governors-praetorium-in-cologne-uncover-a-1st-century-staircase-that-connected-to-the-rhine-and-the-first-lararium-north-of-the-alps/