roman wargamer

Visual Top View of the Legio Encampment with the individual cohors encmpment included. .VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVMVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V.________________________________H________________________ V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w. V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w....................w._w......................w_w......... V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww m.l===========================================m V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.......ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.......ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.......ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w.ooo.ooo........w._w.ooo.ooo.ooo..w_w..........ooo.ooo.w V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w. V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._.w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w._..w.ooo.ooo.ooo.w V.l...............w....................w._w......................w_w......... V.l...............wwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww_wwwwwwwwwww V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.l......................................................._ V.________________________________g________________________ .VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVMVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V stands for V form ditche of the legio on the first day. _ stands for pallisades rampart of the legio. H stands for preatoria main gate of the legio. o stands for 5 centuria acies line. g stands for the gate. w [means cervus] stands for the cohors fence made of wooden fence pointed stakes. - stands for the cohors open space use as pathway or bonfire area. = stands for the legio open space use as cohors equites road way. there was a four gate in the cohors encampment. there was a open space use as pathway between contubernia as wide as two meter. there was a open space use as pathway between contutriplia as wide as three meter. each cohors encampment have open space between each other use as road way for the equites of the legio. ________________________________________________________________________________ notice: that there was no figure representatiom on the right side column because it will displace everything awfully. and the blank spaces have been use to avoid the same displacement effect when posted.

Visual Top View of the Cohors Encampment 1st Cohors on Square B2 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwgwwwwwwww w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w g===================================g w.[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[].......w w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w w-----------------------------------------------------------------------------w wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwgwwwwwwww [] stands for 5 centuria acies line. g stands for the cohors gate. w [means cervus] stands for the cohors fence made of wooden fence stakes. - stands for the cohors open space use as pathway or bonfire area = stands for the cohors open space use as cohors equites road way there was a open space use as pathway between contubernia as wide as two meter. there was a open space use as pathway between contutriplia as wide as three meter. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Intervallum Space The following Square are an intervallum space from inner camp towards the rampart and ditch. Square A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 Square B1, B5 Square C1, C5 Square D1, D5 Square E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 The Inner Camp Space The following Square are the inner camp space inside the intervallum. Square B2, B3, B4, Square C2, C3, C4 Square D2, D3, D4 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ please take note that encampment figure do not continues to fully complement actual visual view.

The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth. which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square _____________________________________________________________________________________ The encampment of individual contubernia, centuria, manipular acies, and cohors. team(team) []. the figure contain 3 men in a tent. = 3 men measurement and distance 2 meter depth X 3 meter width contubernia(squad) [].[].[]..this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 3 tent.= 9 men measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 meter X 3 meter width.) 3 X 10 meters plus i meter side pathway. contutriplia(platoon) [].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 9 tent.= 27 men measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 X 10 meter width.) 3 X 30 meters plus i meter side pathway. centuria(company) [].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]... this figure contain 3 men in each tent of 27 tent.= 81 men measurement and distance 2 meter depth X( 3 X 30 meter width.) 3 X 90 meters plus i meter side pathway. so, as the figure representation shows that a centuria encampment occupies a 3 X 90 meters _____________________________________________________________________________________ so each manipular acies line encampment occupies a 12 X 90 meters area. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]... w-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]... w-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- w[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]...[].[].[]..[].[].[]..[].[].[]... w--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 meter open space w the 2 meter horizontal open space are use as pathway and bonfire area for cooking food so each cohors encampment occupies roughly around 60 X 90 meters land area. of the cohors square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth. with still an open vacant space at thier back of around 30 X 90 meters land area.

who's who of the cohort that command every centuria line The Centuria Line was commanded by the following Centurio Officer The Cursores Agmen Column First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen centuria deputatus a.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry........centuria ordinarius velitarius b.Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry...centurio ordinarius prior c.Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry...centurio ordinarius posterior Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen centuria deputatus d.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry........centuria ordinarius velitarius e.Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry...centurio ordinarius prior f.Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry...centurio ordinarius posterior ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Primary Agmen Column First Manipular Acies Line centurio legionarius alti ordinis hastatus 1.Antepilanus Adstatus........centurio legionarius supernumerarius 3.Hastatus Prior..................centurio legionarius prior 2.Hastatus Posterior............centurio legionarius posterior Second Manipular Acies Line centurio legionarius alti ordinis princeps 4.Antepilanus Princeps.........centurio legionarius supernumerarius 6.Princeps Prior...................centurio legionarius prior 5.Princeps Posterior.............centurio legionarius posterior cohors tribuni angusticlavii commanded the whole cohort E.Cohors Equites Turmae 0.Signiferi Centuria Third Manipular Acies Line centurio legionarius alti ordinis triarius 7.Antepilanus Triarius..........centurio legionarius supernumerarius 9.Triarius Prior....................centurio legionarius prior 8.Triarius Posterior..............centurio legionarius posterior _______________________________________________________________________________ erratum: some typographical placement error on centuria code numbering, please take note.

more explainatory note on: The Centuria was divided into 3 section name contutriplia [platoon] which have 3 contubernia. Each contubernia is under the direct command of infantry decurion. contubernia 1, 3, 2 group as 1 contutriplia is under the direct command of triplicarius. triplicarius hold the left flank position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria. contubernia 4, 6, 5 group as 2 contutriplia is under the direct command of duplicarius. duplicarius hold the right flank position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria. contubernia 7, 9, 8 group as 3 contutriplia is under the direct command of optio. optio. hold the center main position contutriplia [platoon] of the centuria. the single whole centuria is under the direct command of centurio. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- typographical error and additional explainatory note on: example of reading a code system: ex: 321 shall be read as 3rd Cohors of the 2nd Ceturia of the 1st Contubernia location first agmen, first manipular acies line and the most left end position contubernia. 2 here means the Hastatus Prior centuria. ex: 765 shall be read as 6th Cohors of the 7th Ceturia of the 5th Contubernia location third agmen, second manipular acies line and the most right end position contubernia. 6 here means the Princeps Posterior centuria. ex: 999 shall be read as 9th Cohors of the 9th Ceturia of the 9th Contubernia location third agmen, third manipular acies line and the most center position contubernia. 9 here means the Triarius Posterior centuria.

explainatory note on coding system use The Code Number Use in the Cohors Coding 10th Cohors was re-coded into 0 from previous 10 ____________________________________________________________________________________ The Centuria Line number coding and meaning shall be: The Cursores Agmen Column First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen a.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry b.Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry c.Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen d.AnteVelitarius...........light infantry e.Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry f.Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Primary Agmen Colum 1.AnteAdstatus 2.Hastatus Prior...................First Manipular Acies Line 3.Hastatus Posterior 4.AntePrinceps 5.Princeps Prior...................Second Manipular Acies Line 6.Princeps Posterior E.Cohors Equites Turmae 0.Signiferi Centuria 7.AnteTriarius 8.Triarius Prior....................Third Manipular Acies Line 9.Triarius Posterior ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Contubernia number coding and meaning shall be: .....1.............3..............2...............7.............9.............8....... []/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... []/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... []/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/...[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... (for the error in positioning that i can not correct regardless of what i do) ......4..............6.............5......... .[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... .[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... .[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/..[]/.[]/.[]/... ( i notice the right place and number is in error in preview post so i add this to highlight things) The Centuria was divided into 3 section name contutriplia which have 3 contubernia. Each contubernia is under the direct command of infantry decurion. contubernia 1, 3, 2 group as 1 contutriplia is under the direct command of triplicarius. contubernia 4, 6, 5 group as 2 contutriplia is under the direct command of duplicarius. contubernia 7, 9, 8 group as 3 contutriplia is under the direct command of optio. the single whole centuria is under the direct command of centurio. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- example of reading a code system: ex: 321 shall be read as 3rd Cohors of the 2nd Ceturia of the 1st Contubernia location first agmen, first manipular acies line and the most left end position contubernia. ex: 765 shall be read as 6th Cohors of the 7th Ceturia of the 5th Contubernia location third agmen, second manipular acies line and the most right end position contubernia. ex: 999 shall be read as 9th Cohors of the 0th Ceturia of the 8th Contubernia location third agmen, third manipular acies line and the most center position contubernia. _____________________________________________________________________________________ i will try to position the individual encampment of the contubernia, centuria and cohors.

could you give to me the measurement of that camp layout... it is very small. it will not be able to contain even a thousand men. the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square Every Square are of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth As you all see there was an open field in the center like an 'O' ring or inner camp intervallum. Each Cohors encampment occupied an area of around 60 meters depth X 90 meters width. so each cohors still have an open empty space at their back use for forum or military review. ._________._________._________._________._________. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................. ......................................,101010101...................................... ......................................,101010101...................................... ......................................,101010101..................................... ._________._________._________._________._________. .....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,.................. .....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,.................. .....................,111...........,333333333,.............222,................. .....................,111..................................,,........222,................ .....................,111....................................,,......222,................ ._________._________._________._________._________. .....................,777..........,999999999......,,......888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999........,,....888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999..........,,..888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999.........,,...888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,................. ._________._________._________._________._________. ....................,,444.............................,,............555,................. ....................,,444...............................,,..........555,................. ....................,,444..........,666666666......,,......555,................... ...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,.................... ...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,.................... ._________._________._________._________._________. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ._________._________._________._________._________.

the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square The Visual Top View, Position and Formation of Legion inner emcampment period was use to aide in placing the cohors code number in the right place. ._________._________._________._________._________. ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................. ......................................,101010101...................................... ......................................,101010101...................................... ......................................,101010101..................................... ._________._________._________._________._________. .....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,.................. .....................,111111111,333333333,222222222,.................. .....................,111...........,333333333,.............222,................. .....................,111..................................,,........222,................ .....................,111....................................,,......222,................ ._________._________._________._________._________. .....................,777..........,999999999......,,......888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999........,,....888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999..........,,..888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999.........,,...888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,................. .....................,777..........,999999999...........,,.888,................. ._________._________._________._________._________. ....................,,444.............................,,............555,................. ....................,,444...............................,,..........555,................. ....................,,444..........,666666666......,,......555,................... ...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,.................... ...................,,444444444,666666666.555555555,.................... ._________._________._________._________._________. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ._________._________._________._________._________.

________________________________________________________________________________ The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth. which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square ________________________________________________________________________________ Code Number of the Square for easy Location Identification ._________._________._________._________._________. ...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of A ._________._________._________._________._________. ...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of B ._________._________._________._________._________. ...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of C ._________._________._________._________._________. ...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of D ._________._________._________._________._________. ...........1...............2..............3................4...............5...........of E ._________._________._________._________._________. The Intervallum Space The following Square are an intervallum space from inner camp towards the rampart and ditch. Square A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 Square B1, B5 Square C1, C5 Square D1, D5 Square E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 The Inner Camp Space The following Square are the inner camp space inside the intervallum. Square B2, B3, B4, Square C2, C3, C4 Square D2, D3, D4 _______________________________________________________________________________ The Code Number Use in the Cohors Coding 1st Cohors was coded into 9 2nd Cohors was coded into 8 3rd Cohors was coded into 7 4th Cohors was coded into 6 5th Cohors was coded into 5 6th Cohors was coded into 4 7th Cohors was coded into 3 8th Cohors was coded into 2 9th Cohors was coded into 1 10th Cohors was coded into 10 ________________________________________________________________________________ The Manipular Acies Line number and meaning shall be: Hastatus Prior...................First Manipular Acies Line Hastatus Posterior AnteAdstatus Princeps Prior...................Second Manipular Acies Line Princeps Posterior AntePrinceps Cohors Equites Turmae Signiferi Centuria Triarius Prior....................Third Manipular Acies Line Triarius Posterior AnteTriarius The Cursores Agmen line First Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen Velitarius Prior..........medium infantry Velitarius Posterior....medium infantry AnteVelitarius...........light infantry Second Manipular Acies Line of the Cursores Agmen Velitarius Prior.........medium infantry Velitarius Posterior...medium infantry AnteVelitarius...........light infantry as i have pointed out... clearly there are 16 centuria lines in the cohors. (i can not just remember in what Greek battle [book] a cohors military tribune commanded his cohors 16 centuria lines against not yet form enemy phalanx formation ) but i am sure... many of you are aware of this story... unless you never read it yet. ________________________________________________________________________________ The following formation are of Marius time towards Caesar time. if i will add the innovation done by Julius Caesar the formation and organization number will expand

note: all numbers are rounded to the nearest whole for easy understanding for non technical people writer claim that a legion have 16,000 men of war or 1,600 men per cohors a cohors have 16 centuria and 5 manipular acies lines. ( manipular acies line means have 3 ceturia, for example the Hastatus Manipular Acies line= have the Hastatus Prior, Hastatus Posterior, and Anteadstatus ) time element: before and around Julius Caesar era the camp form will be in perfect square for easy viewing and computation. although terrain will normally prevent this, but size and distance is almost near the same. ____________________________________________________________________________________ The Camp Size are roughly around 450 meters width and 450 meters depth. which have 25 square of = 90 meters width X 90 meters depth ._____.______.______.______.______. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____.______.______.______.______. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____._____._______.______.______. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____._____._______.______.______. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____._____._______.______.______. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._____._____._______.______.______. the inner camp was the 9 square inside the 25 square ___________________________________________________________________________________ i claim copyrighted on this work. Rad Dulay i will explain other details on my next visit, please bear on my limted time.

only the whole legio could build the standard camp because it needs a surrounding intervallum and en route base camp was build only in one day. from the inner base limit, their is an intervallum or empty space that runs a humdred meters towards the four sides of the man made ramp of soil, protected by palisade and outside ditch. as i said...within a day march. not longer than that. after the mission, they must return to the base camp for protection against night attack. my stand was "the settlement will be their safety haven" as the following qouted passage will show, a detached unit or cohors of the legio stay's in... settlement: "There was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment." Acts 10:1 NKJV and from the wording indicated of a real regular detach unit of Italian or Roman legio. i am doing some recomputation of my Roman Legiones en-route marching camp.

wrong... cohortia is smaller compared to legio. so the distance will be shorter. it is my stand that legio build their en route marching camp within that day, around 5/6 hours time. i only dis-agree! that you claim a cohort built their own en route camp. when my argument say's that cohort never go away from main legio more than a day's marching distance. i agree... it is just a question how the Roman Legio do it. did you know it? when the Roman Legio travel away... at the end of the day's march... they build a camp...everyday. then we have a different understanding? isn't it about the the cohors or legio camp? a roman legio camp have an intervallum, and rampart with palisades and soil taken from the ditch. the ditch depth was around 2 meter plus the 2 meters rampart made from soil excavation and around 4 meters wide. it is not what i believe... it was designed to prevent the enemy any easy and successful night raid and any enemy army deliberate attack to destroy the whole legio. Spartacus have destroyed a legio in a night attack.

in time of war... in my in-depth guesswork a cohort have an average of 16 infantry centurion line and an equites turmae. Sorry - can you explain the infantry part a bit clearer (16 infantry centurion line) and the term signeferi centuria. I know a turmae is a small cavalry unit and part of an alae. a turmae have around 30 men of equites from legio for cohortes. the cohortes have each own signiferi team, staff men, messenger and guards unit compose into centuria. an infantry line term to me, means; what unrv called the Centuria. Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contubernium with a total of 80 men commanded by a centurion. but my formation and number was little bit different: like the Contubernium: [ in unrv it is (tent group) consisted of 8 men] a team of contubernia to me is like this, a 9 men team, three men abreast in front, three men a the back, and three men in the rear []/.[]/.[]/. []/.[]/.[]/. []/.[]/.[]/. i will pm you a more detailed one on this. my apology on late reply, i run out of time the last time i visit the net.

really, then let's see how it will be technically possible? so then, first let's ask, what is cohort we are talking about? how big is it? from unrv military post of the legion: cohort have 480 fighting men Cohorts: (cohort) included 6 centuriae or a total of 480 fighting men, not including officers. divided into; Contubernium: (tent group) consisted of 8 men. Centuria: (century) was made up of 10 contubernium with a total of 80 men commanded by a centurion then let's rounded the number into 500 fighting men for easy computation. if every man needs a 5 square meter of moving space, then a cohort with 500 men will needs at around 25,000 square meter of space inside the inner camp. then add the intervallum of 100 meters space of distance from inner camp into the rampart edge. so one side of your "simple ditch and palisade surrounding the camp" will be 450 linear square meter long. or 18,000 linear square meter long in four sides of the camp.. if we will take the standard ditch size of 2 square meter depth and 4 meter square width. then the whole cohort will need to excavate 14,400 cubic meter of soil in a day. or around 25 cubic meters of soil to excavate per man in a day. is this your own "simple ditch and palisade surrounding the camp and none too large," likely possible base on my experience; a man will barely exceeds 8 square cubic meter in 8 hours. in force labor. then it is your call to re-compute my number or the re-organization of the cohort. it is technically and logistically impossible for every man to excavate 25 cu.m. in a day / or 5 hours. forgive me if i made mistake in my written computation.

only the whole legio could build the standard camp because it needs a surrounding intervallum and en route base camp was build only in one day. from the inner base limit, their is an intervallum or empty space that runs a humdred meters towards the four sides of the man made ramp of soil, protected by palisade and outside ditch. as i said...within a day march. not longer than that. after the mission, they must return to the base camp for protection against night attack.

in time of war... in my in-depth guesswork a cohort have an average of 16 infantry centurion line and an equites turmae. this could settle the matter. the cohort equites turmae is under his direct commands and the cohort signeferi centuria. in time of war...NO!, they must return at base camp before night fall, even if on a mission. in time of peace... they travel by village to village within a day march, the settlement will be their safety haven or protection against surprise attack. yes! a legiones cohortia is the modern day equivalent of military battalion, so it is almost a self contained unit that everything it needs is almost their for the war and mission.

i could be a real Fox. it almost defines most of my attributes. what a coincidence. Fox Genera and species: Vulpes vulpes Collective Term: A skulk of foxes Description Appealing and cerebral and of average size, the fox is a close relative of both the wolf and dog personalities and displays typical canine qualities of loyalty, passion and creativity. Largely misunderstood to be a shy, retreating individual, it's the fox's unique stature as a small carnivore that defines its survival strategy. Because it cannot succeed in the world using brute force alone, it must rely on its sharp mind and engaging personality to garner resources, and it consequently spends a lot of time in its head -- giving the impression that it's trying to outsmart its friends. So the fox is often surprised to learn that its intellectual pursuits are intimidating. So, the fox tempers its serious nature with a sardonic sense of humor and engaging playfulness while interacting with its eclectic community. It expects others to be as honest about their strengths and shortcomings as it is of its own, and while these high expectations don't make the fox a snob, it expects its friends to first demonstrate their worthiness before returning the favor with loyalty and devotion. Foxes are typically successful in the work place but their competitiveness and ambition sometimes makes coworkers feel belittled. They would never deliberately take advantage of others, but their single-mindedness often blinds them to their feelings. So they thrive in their own businesses and like to surround themselves with family and friends in these ventures. Although they demand consensus in all decisions, they dominate discussions and steer the plans to reflect their own agenda. A discussion with a fox is invariably stimulating and challenging. Its great curiosity and worldly experience makes it a wonderful conversationalist and it's able to hold forth on a number of different topics with ease. Sometimes, however, the fox will view a conversation as a competitive challenge, which proves to be off-putting and annoying to its companions. Careers and Hobbies Computer Chess Debating Famous Foxes David Duchovny, Hugh Grant, Johnny Cocharan, Michael J. Fox.

what a good news!!! to links on the legendary founders Romulus and Remus.

then i concedes i was wrong and never know that facts. and it more pointed that infantry can really defeat cavalry.

i am not comparing Roman cavalry to knights. pointing only to facts that Romanus Legiones Infantry could defeat a superior enemy cavalry. while their is no recorded fact the medieval infantry ever defeated a thousand cavalry in battle.

when stab at the face the horse will normally turn around and run berserk.

then it is your good opinion we will let stand. as my workguess say's different story: on Julius Caesar era. Hastati or Hastatus name was derived from the very weapon they use- the Hasta. a long thrusting spear; hasta is not a javelin or pilum for throwing. at the battle of Pharsalus, we see a different scenario; a qoute from unrv battle of Pharsalus With both armies set, it was Caesar and not Pompey who ordered the initial advance. Pompey hoped the long charge would tire Caesar's army, but the veterans understood the danger and stopped when they noticed that the enemy wasn't coming out to meet them. The battle slowly developed as an infantry skirmish in the center until Pompey finally unleashed Labienus and the cavalry. Pompey's horsemen hit Caesar's Germanic and Gallic cavalry hard, buckling their resistance. Pompey ordered his archers and slingers to fill in behind the cavalry to push the assault and provide a heavy blanket of covering fire. Just as Caesar's cavalry was beginning to retreat, and Labienus was starting to turn the right flank, Caesar ordered his reserve infantry to launch their surprise assault. Using their pila much like medieval pikes, Caesar's 3,000 infantry attacked the 7,000 Pompeian cavalry with ferocity, targeting the riders exposed faces. The effect was devastating, and Labienus was overwhelmed. The cavalry routed and turned towards its own lines, not only leaving their own vulnerable archer units completely exposed but likely trampling many as they went. Romanus Legiones Infantry could defeat a superior enemy cavalry. as Caesar show us.

should be read 'which comitia [ curiata , or centuriata ] really represent the people. ( who are the real people of Rome, when they happen to a confederation of 12 tribes )

on my workguess... the members of the Comitia Curiata was the Plebeian people or clan elders. so it means they begin c. 625 bce. ad initio with the federation of the 12 tribe. cause if they are not... then who are the members of the comitia curiata. the Plebeian movement started on 490 was an act of legal grievances... to re-gain some power and function they have since the beginning. because the comitia centuriata usurped the exclusive and sole fucntion they use to have. to conferred the imperium to the new king to make him legal and not a 'de facto' king or tyrant. tyrant is existing only by the effect of un-opposed military superiority of the centuriata or legio. hope we can 'peruse' your book references to clear the matter.

it takes 75 years to pass before the creation of centuriata. the curiata have quasi-sovereign personality as representative of the people of each tribe. they hold the right to conferred the imperium to the elected king... it belong only to them. which centuriata do not have nor historical records say's they never ever exercise. if you are claiming that the plebian do not exist until 550 bce... and only when the comitia tributa was created. then i strongly disagree on that matters. it was a way to aviod being needed to be elected by curiata to become legal king. they use the army or centuriata to hold to kingship without the imperium.