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Cosmetic Surgery

Cosmetic Surgery in Roman Times

Plastic surgery was said to first be preformed in ancient Roman times. The word "plastic surgery" is actually derived from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold or shape. They preformed minor procedures such as otoplasty, which is the repairing of damaged ears, and more complicated procedures like scar removal.

The Romans performed plastic surgery for reconstructive purposes on wounded soldiers, as well as for cosmetic purposes for freed slaves and rich upper classmen. Cataract operations became almost routine in ancient Rome. Branding or scar removal was a pricey yet sought after procedure that many freed slaves paid for to reduce the stigma of having been a slave. Some women received otoplasty because their ear lobes had stretched from wearing heavy earrings.

There are three big names that came out of Rome during the practice of cosmetic surgery. The Greek physician Galen, a Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus, and a Greek surgeon Paul of Aegina. These three laid the grounds for big developments in plastic surgery. Galen wrote best selling books on human anatomy and Celsus wrote a book entitled "De re medicina" which mentions the reconstructive surgery of a man's face and a primitive nose job. Celsus's book was so great it was used for more then 1,700 years.

From the Byzantine and Arabian empires, medicine was developed to help foster surgery. Although there was no anesthesia yet, surgeons used opium poppy capsules (morphine), henbane seeds (scopolamine) and alcohol for minor pain relief. The Romans knew little about germs and how they related to disease, although they could observe a connection, which is why techniques to kill germs before and during surgery were employed like boiling their tools and washing wounds with acetum (a mild acetic acid solution).

The medical tools used in ancient Rome were a primitive version of what you would see a cosmetic surgeon use today. They included forceps, scalpels, catheters and bone drills. The scalpels were made of steel or bronze and were used to make a variety of incisions. Bone drills and bone hooks were used to remove diseased or unwanted tissue, and were helpful when maneuvering small pieces or raising blood vessels during plastic surgery. Bone levers were also used during early facial reconstructive surgery, and were also said to have been used for levering out teeth.

Did you know...
Galen studied the bodies of animals to support his research and compare to human anatomy.

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A Roman doctor carrying out minor surgery on a patient
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An illustration of an ancient Roman hospital
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Hospitals as we know them today simply didn't exist in the Roman world. Romans generally regarded disease as an affliction of the gods requiring prayer, sacrifice and pagan rites to alleviate.

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An illustration of the Roman physician Claudius Galen
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A stone carving of a possible cosmetic surgery procedure in ancient Rome
Cosmetic Surgery

Plastic surgery was said to first be preformed in ancient Roman times. They preformed minor procedures such as Otoplasty, which is the repairing of damaged ears, and more complicated procedures like scar removal.

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Roman Medicine by Audrey Cruse
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This comprehensive book looks at the many different aspects of medicine and health in the Roman Empire, especially with regard to doctors, their drugs and their surgical equipment.

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The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire by Susan P. Mattern
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The Prince of Medicine gives us Galen as he lived his life, in the city of Rome at its apex of power and decadence, among his friends, his rivals, and his patients. It offers a deeply human and long-overdue portrait of one of ancient history's most significant and engaging figures.

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Greek and Roman Medicine by Helen King
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Power and Knowledge: Astrology, Physiognomics, and Medicine under the Roman Empire by Tamsyn Barton
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