Political Violence in the Roman Republic (including civil war)
|
From the Gracchi to the Death of C. Iulius Caesar (132 - 44
BC)
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus |
Tr. Pl. 133 |
Mob Violence |
Killed along with hundreds of supporters in factional violence following
radical legislation attempts during the election process for the year
132. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.16-17; Liv.
Per. 58; Plut.
Ti. Grac. 19-20; Vell.
Pat. 2.3 |
|
C. Villius |
|
Execution |
A friend of Ti. Gracchus, put to death by being locked in a cage with
vipers. |
Plut.
Ti. Grac. 20 |
|
C. Blosius |
|
Suicide |
A friend of Ti. Gracchus. After the murder of Gracchus he fled to Asia
and committed suicide. |
Plut.
Ti. Grac. 20 |
|
Diophanes |
|
Execution |
The Rhetorician. A friend of Ti. Gracchus; killed in the purge following
the death of Gracchus. |
Plut.
Ti. Grac. 20 |
|
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus |
Cos 147, 134 Cens. 142 |
Murder? |
Nature of death, whether natural or politically motivated homicide,
due to opposition to the Gracchi, is uncertain. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.20; Liv.
Per. 59.11; Plut.
C. Gracc. 10; Vell.
Pat. 2.4.5 |
|
P. Popillius Laenas |
Cos. 132 |
Exile |
Banished by C. Gracchus for his role in executing citizens without
trial in the death of Ti. Gracchus and his supporters. Recalled after
the death of C. Gracchus |
Cic. Brut. 25.34, Vell.
Pat. 2.7.3; Plut
C. Gracc. 4 |
|
Antullius |
|
Murder |
Though only a servant of C. Gracchus, his murder in the forum while
attempting a sacrifice opened the violence that led to the death of Gracchus
himself. |
Plut.
C. Gracc. 13 |
|
M. Pomponius |
|
Mob Violence |
A friend of C. Gracchus of equestrian rank. Killed while attempting
to see Gracchus to safety. |
Plut.
C. Grac. 1.16; Vell.
Pat. 2.6.4 |
|
Licinius |
|
Mob Violence |
A friend of C. Gracchus of equestrian rank. Killed while attempting
to see Gracchus to safety. |
Plut.
C. Grac. 1.16 |
|
C. Sempronius Gracchus |
Tr. Pl. 123, 122 |
Execution |
Execution for treason in factional mob violence along with thousands
of supporters. By order of cos. L. Opimius |
App.
Civ. War. 1.26; Plut.
C. Grac. 1.17; Liv.
Per. 61; Vell.
Pat. 2.6.4 |
|
M. Fulvius Flaccus |
Cos. 125, Tr. Pl. 122 |
Execution |
Execution for treason in factional mob violence by order of cos. L.
Opimius. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.26; Plut.
C. Grac. 1.17; Liv.
Per. 61; Vell.
Pat. 2.6.4 |
|
A. Nonius |
Candidate for Tr. Pl. 100 |
Murder |
Murdered by political opponents, Pr. C. Servilius Glaucia and L. Appuleius
Saturninus. |
App.
Civ. War 1.28; Plut.
Mar. 29; Liv.
Per. 69 |
|
Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus |
Cos. 109, Cens. 102 |
Exile |
Exiled by Saturninus for refusing to accept an agrarian law supporting
Marius' veterans. Recalled the following year. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.29-32; Liv.
Per. 69; Plut.
Mar. 29; Vell.
Pat. 2.15 |
|
C. Memmius |
Tr. Pl. 111, Pr. 104 or 3 |
Mob Violence |
Murdered by supporters of Saturninus, an opponent for office of tribune
in 99. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.32; Cic. in Cat. 4.2; Liv.
Per. 69; Flor. 3.16 |
|
L. Appuleius Saturninus |
Tr. Pl. 102, 100, (elected for 99 but did not serve) |
Mob Violence |
Killed in the senate house by the mob following the murder of Memmius. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.28-32; Plut.
Mar. 30; Liv.
Per. 69; Oros. 5.17; Flor. 3.16; Vell.
Pat. 2.12 |
|
C. Servilius Glaucia |
Tr. Pl. 101, Pr. 100 |
Mob Violence |
Killed in the senate house with Saturninus by the mob following the
murder of Memmius. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.28-32; Val. Max. 9.7; Plut.
Mar. 27, 30; Vell.
Pat. 2.12; Flor. 3.16. |
|
C. Saufeius |
Qua. 100 |
Mob Violence |
Killed in the senate house with Saturninus by the mob following the
murder of Memmius |
App.
Civ. War. 1.28-32 |
|
L. Equitius (Gracchus)? |
Tr. Pl. 100 |
Mob Violence |
Supposed son of T. Gracchus, killed with Saturninus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.33 |
|
Cn. Cornelius Dolabella |
|
Mob Violence |
Killed in the senate house with Saturninus by the mob following the
murder of Memmius |
|
|
P. Furius |
Tr. Pl. 100 |
Mob Violence |
Killed (torn apart) in mob violence for opposing the recall of Metellus
Numidicus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.33; Cass.
Dio 28.95 |
|
Q. Servilius Caepio |
Cos. 106 |
Exile |
Exiled in 95 for the destruction of his army at Aurasio against the
Cimbri 10 years earlier |
Cic. Brut. 44, pro Balb. 11; Val. Max 4.7, 6.9 |
|
P. Rutilius Rufus |
Cos. 105 |
Exile |
Exiled by political opponents for extortion. Later recalled by Sulla,
though he remained away from Rome. |
Liv.
Per. 70; Vell.
Pat. 2.13; Cass.
Dio. 28.97 |
|
M. Livius Drusus |
Tr. Pl. 91 |
Murder |
Murdered after proposition of radical agrarian and Italian citizenship
laws. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.36-37, Liv.
Per. 71; Vell.
Pat. 2.14 |
90 |
C. Aurelius Cotta |
|
Exile |
A friend of Drusus. Went into voluntary exile after the passage of the
Lex Varia which would condemn those who aided the Italians in gain ing the
Roman citizenship under the proposals of Drusus. Returned in the dictatorship
of Sulla (c. 82 BC) |
Cic. De Or. 3.11, Brut. 305; App.
Civ. War. 1.37 |
90 |
L. Calpurnius Bestia |
Tr. Pl. 121 |
Exile |
Went into voluntary exile after the passage of the Lex Varia which would
condemn those who aided the Italians in gain ing the Roman citizenship under
the proposals of Drusus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.37 |
90 |
L. Mummius Achaicus |
Cos. 146 |
Exile |
Prosecuted and exiled after the passage of the Lex Varia which would condemn
those who aided the Italians in gain ing the Roman citizenship under the
proposals of Drusus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.37; Cic. Brut. 304 |
|
A. Sempronius Asellio |
Pr. 89 |
Murder |
Murdered by money-lenders in dispute over loans and public interest
rates. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.54; Liv.
Per. 74 |
|
Q. Servilius (Caepio?) |
Pr. 91 |
Murder |
Killed by Italians in revolt at Asculum, setting off the Social War.
(Different than the praetor Cn. Servilius Caepio who was killed in battle
in the same year.) |
App.
Civ. War. 1.38; Liv.
Per. 72; Vell.
Pat. 2.15; Oros. 5.18 |
|
C. Fonteius |
Leg. of Q. Servilius |
Murder |
Killed by Italians in revolt at Asculum along with Q. Servilius, setting
off the Social War |
App.
Civ. War. 1.38; Liv.
Per. 72; Vell.
Pat. 2.15; Oros. 5.18 |
89 |
Q. Varius Hybrida |
Tr. Pl. 90 |
Execution |
Condemned to death under the provisions of his own Lex Varia of the previous
year relating to support for Italian citizenship. |
Cic. Brut. 305; Nat. Deor. 3.81; Val. Max. 8.6.4 |
|
L. Porcius Cato |
Cos. 89 |
Murder |
Either killed in battle with the Marsi (likely), or possibly murdered
by C. Marius Minor. Only Orosius suggests 'foul play'. |
Liv.
Per. 75; Oros. 5.17 |
|
Q. Pompeius Rufus Minor |
|
Mob Violence |
Son of the consul of 88 and son-in-law of Sulla. Murdered by supporters
of P. Sulpicius Rufus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.56; Plut.
Sull. 8; Liv.
Per. 77; Plut.
Mar. 29; Vell.
Pat. 2.18.6 |
|
P. Sulpicius Rufus |
Tr. Pl. 88 |
Execution |
Proscribed by Sulla after his first march on Rome and executed. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60, Liv.
Per. 77; Plut.
Sull. 10; Vell.
Pat. 2.19 |
|
P. Cornelius Cethegus |
|
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla after his first march on Rome and exiled, switched
sides and pardoned in 83. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60, 62,
80 |
|
Cn. Granius |
|
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla after his first march on Rome and exiled. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60 |
|
Q. Granius |
|
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla after his first march on Rome and exiled. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60 |
|
P. Tullius Albinovanus |
|
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla and exiled after his first march on Rome. Pardoned
in 81 after betraying the officers of C. Norbanus. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60, 62,
91;
Flor. 3.21 |
|
M. Laetorius |
|
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla and exiled after his first march on Rome. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60 |
|
C. Marius Major |
Cos. 107, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100, 86 |
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla and exiled after his first march on Rome, died
naturally in 86. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60; Liv.
Per. 77; Plut.
Sull. 10; Vell.
Pat. 2.19 |
|
Q. Pompeius Rufus Major |
Cos. 88 |
Murder |
Killed by supporters of Cn. Pompeius Strabo after taking over Strabo's
command in the Social War. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.63; Vell.
Pat. 2.20 |
|
M. Iunius Brutus (1) |
Pr. 88 |
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla and exiled. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.60 |
|
C. Marius Minor (1) |
Cos. 82 |
Exile |
Proscribed by Sulla and exiled, continued as a leader of the opposing
Marian faction. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.94;
Plut.
Sull. 32, Mar.
46; Liv.
Per. 86-88; Vell.
Pat. 2.20.5; Flor. 3.21 |
|
L. Cornelius Cinna (1) |
Cos. 87 |
Exile |
Stripped of his consulship by co-consul Cn. Octavius and expelled from
Rome for attempting to recall C. Marius. Cinna later returned with Marius
and dominated Rome in the absence of Sulla. |
Liv.
Per. 79; App.
Civ. War 64, 65; Plut.
Mar. 41 |
|
Cn. Octavius |
Cos. 87 |
Murder |
Murdered by Marcus Censorinus as Marius and Cinna entered the city. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.64, 68-71;
Plut.
Mar. 42, Sull.
12; Liv.
Per. 79, 80; Vell.
Pat. 2.22 |
|
C. Iulius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus |
Aed. 90 |
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
L. Iulius Caesar |
Cos. 90 |
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
A. Serranus |
|
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
P. Lentulus |
|
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
C. Nemetorius |
|
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
M. Baebius |
|
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72 |
|
P. Licinius Crassus Dives |
Cos. 97 |
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna (father of triumvir) |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72; Liv.
Per. 80; Plut.
Crass 4; Flor. 3.21 |
|
P. Licinius Crassus Dives Minor |
|
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna (brother of triumvir) |
App.
Civ. War. 1.72; Liv.
Per. 80; Plut.
Crass 4; Flor. 3.21 |
|
M. Antonius (The Orator) |
Cos. 99, Cens. 97 |
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna (grandfather of triumvir) |
App.
Civ. War. 1.73; Liv.
Per. 80; Plut.
Mar. 44; Vell.
Pat. 2.22 |
|
Q. Ancharius |
Pr. ? |
Execution |
Proscribed and executed by Marius & Cinna |
App.
Civ. War. 1.73; Plut.
Mar. 43 |
|
C. Cornutus |
Pr. 90? |
Exile |
Proscribed by Marius & Cinna but escaped due to the intervention
of his slaves. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.73; Plut.
Mar. 43 |
|
L. Cornelius Merula |
Cos. Suf. 87, Fl. Dialis |
Suicide |
Committed suicide rather than face proscription by Marius & Cinna. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.74; Vell.
Pat. 2.22 |
|
Q. Lutatius Catulus |
Cos. 102 |
Suicide |
Committed suicide rather than face proscription by Marius & Cinna. |
App.
Civ. War. 1.74; Vell.
Pat. 2.22; Plut.
Mar. 44 |
|
Sex. Lucinus |
|
Execution |
A Senator executed by Marius. Thrown from the Tarpeian rock. |
Plut.
Mar. 45; Liv.
Per. 80 |
|
L. Valerius Flaccus |
Cos. Suf. 86 |
Murder |
Sent as an opposition commander to Sulla against Mithridates, murdered
by his own legate, C. Flavius Fimbria. |
App.
Civ. Wars 1.75, Mith. 52; Vell.
Pat. 2.24; Liv.
Per. 82; Plut.
Sull. 12, 23 |
|
Sex. Lucilius |
Tr. Pl. 86 |
Execution |
Thrown from the Tarpeian rock by Tr. Pl. Publius Laenas |
Vell.
Pat. 2.24 |
|
C. Flavius Fimbria |
Legate of L. Valerius Flaccus |
Suicide |
Murdered L. Valerius Flaccus and took over his army in Asia. Committed
suicide after facing defeat by Sulla. |
Liv.
Per. 82; Plut.
Sull 25, App. Mith. 60; Vell.
Pat. 2.24 |
|
L. Cornelius Cinna (2) |
Cos. 87, 86, 85, 94 |
Mutiny |
Killed in a mutiny by his army as Sulla approached Rome following the
defeat of Mithridates. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.77-78; Liv.
Per. 83; Vell.
Pat. 2.24.5 |
|
Q. Antonius |
Pr. 84? |
Murder |
Killed while governing Sardinia by Sullan legate L. Philippus. |
Liv.
Per. 86 |
|
P. Antistius |
Tr. Pl. 86 |
Execution |
Executed by Pr. L. Iunius Brutus on the order of Cos. C. Marius Minor
while besieged by Sulla in Praeneste. His wife Calpurnia committed suicide
shortly thereafter. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.88; Vell.
Pat. 2.26; Liv.
Per. 86; Plut.
Pomp. 9 |
|
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina |
Tr. Pl. 90 |
Execution |
Executed by Pr. L. Iunius Brutus on the order of Cos. C. Marius Minor
while besieged by Sulla in Praeneste. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.88; Vell.
Pat. 2.26 |
|
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus |
Cos. 94 |
Execution |
Executed by Pr. L. Iunius Brutus on the order of Cos. C. Marius Minor
while besieged by Sulla in Praeneste. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.88; Vell.
Pat. 2.26 |
|
Q. Mucius Scaevola |
Cos. 95, Pont. Max. 89 |
Execution |
Executed by Pr. L. Iunius Brutus on the order of Cos. C. Marius Minor
while besieged by Sulla in Praeneste. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.88; Liv.
Per. 86; Vell.
Pat. 2.26 |
|
C. Marius Minor (2) |
Cos. 82 |
Suicide |
Committed suicide while beseiged by Sullan forces at Praeneste after
giving the order for several Sulla supporters in Rome. (previously exiled
by Sulla in 88) |
App.
Civ. War. 1.94;
Plut.
Sull. 32, Mar.
46; Liv.
Per. 88; Vell.
Pat. 27.4; Flor. 3.21 |
|
M. Iunius Brutus (2) |
Pr. 88 |
Suicide |
Committed suicide while in service to Cn. Papirius Carbo rather than
face capture by Cn. Pompeius Magnus in Sicily. (Previously exiled by Sulla
in 88) |
Liv.
Per. 89 |
|
A. Claudius |
|
Battle |
Killed in battle with Sulla at the Colline Gates outside Rome. |
Plut.
Sull. 29 |
82 |
Venuleius |
Triumviri Cap. 82 |
Execution |
A senator. Proscribed by Sulla. |
Flor.
Epit. 2.9 |
|
C. Antipater |
Legate of C. Norbanus |
Murder |
Betrayed and murdered by fellow Marian legate P. Tullius Albinovanus
in order for Albinovanus to secure a pardon from Sulla. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.91 |
|
Flavius Fimbria |
Legate of C. Norbanus |
Murder |
Betrayed and murdered by fellow Marian legate P. Tullius Albinovanus
in order for Albinovanus to secure a pardon from Sulla. (brother of C.
Flavius Fimbria killed in 84) |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.91 |
|
C. Norbanus |
Cos. 83 |
Suicide |
After defeat by Sulla, either killed or committed suicide in Rhodes.
|
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.91; Liv.
Per. 89; Vell.
Pat. 2.25; Plut.
Sull. 27 |
|
Telesinus |
Legate of Cn. Papirius Carbo |
Battle |
Killed at battle of Colline Gates against Sulla |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.93 |
|
Albinus |
Legate of Cn. Papirius Carbo |
Battle |
Killed at battle of Colline Gates against Sulla |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.93 |
|
C. Marcius Censorinus |
Legate of Cn. Papirius Carbo |
Execution |
Captured and executed after the battle of Colline Gates against Sulla
|
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.93 |
|
C. Carrinas |
Pr. 82 |
Execution |
Captured and executed after the battle of Colline Gates against Sulla
|
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.93 |
|
L. Iunius Brutus Damassipus |
Pr. 82 |
Execution |
The praetor who killed several Sullans in 82 by order of C. Marius
Minor. Killed in battle of Colline Gates against Sulla or executed after
capture. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.93; Sall.
Cat. 51; Cass.
Dio. 33.109.4 |
|
Q. Valerius |
|
Execution |
Executed by Pompeius Magnus after the defeat of Carbo in Africa. |
Plut.
Pomp. 10 |
|
Cn. Papirius Carbo |
Cos 85, 84, 82 |
Execution |
Executed by Pompeius Magnus in Africa. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.96; Liv.
Per. 89; Plut.
Pomp. 10 |
|
Q. Aurelius |
|
Execution |
1 of 600 otherwise unnamed (according to Plutarch) proscribed and killed
by order of Sulla. |
Plut.
Sulla 31 |
|
Unknown |
|
|
According to Appian, Sulla proscribed some 90 senators, 15 consulars,
and 2600 knights. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 1.103; Cass.Dio.
33.109 |
|
Q. Caecilius |
|
Murder |
Proscribed and murdered by Catiline, his brother-in-law. Added to proscription
roles after the fact. |
Cic. de Petit. Cons. 2; Ascon. in Tog. Cand. p. 84; Plut.
Sull. 32, Cic.
10 |
|
M. Marius Gratidianus |
Pr. 85? |
Murder |
Proscribed and killed by Catiline. |
Plut.
Sull. 32 |
|
Q. Lucretius Ofella |
candidate for cos. 81 |
Execution |
Killed by order of Sulla after refusing to step down from consular
candidacy for which he was legally ineligible. |
App.
Civ Wars. 1.101, Plut.
Sull. 33; Liv.
Per. 89 |
|
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus |
Cos. 87 |
Battle |
Killed in or after battle with Pompeius Magnus |
Plut.
Pomp. 12; Liv.
Per. 89 |
|
? Granius |
Decurio of Puteoli |
Execution |
Killed by Sulla for failing to pay a tax for the restoration of the
capitol in Rome |
Plut.
Sulla 37; Val. Max. 9.3 |
|
M. Iunius Brutus |
Tr. Pl. 83, Legate of Lepidus |
Execution |
Father of M. Iunius Brutus (assassin of Caesar). Killed by a Geminius
on the order of Pompeius Magnus during the civil insurrection of Lepidus. |
Plut.
Pomp. 16; Liv.
Per. 90 |
|
M. Aemilius Lepidus |
Cos. 78 |
Exile |
Expelled from office and Italy by consular colleague Q. Lutatius Catulus
for civil insurrection. Died of natural causes in Sardinia after his forces
were defeated and before he could be captured. |
App.
Civ. War 1.107; Liv.
Per. 90 |
|
Q. Sertorius |
Pr. 83 |
Murder |
As leader of an opposition faction in Hispania to the Sullans in Rome,
was murdered by or at the order of his legate M. Perpenna Vento. |
App.
Civ. War 1.113; Liv.
Per. 96; Plut.
Sert. 26; Vell
Pat. 2.30 |
|
M. Perpenna Vento |
Pr. ? |
Execution |
Put to death by order of Pompeius Magnus after the defeat of Sertorian
forces. Originally proscribed by Sulla. |
App.
Civ. War 1.115; Liv.
Per. 96; Plut.
Sert. 27; Vell
Pat. 2.30 |
|
A. Fulvius |
|
Execution |
A Senator. Put to death by his father for participation in the Catiline
Conspiracy. |
Sall.
Cat. 39; Cass.Dio.
37.36 |
|
P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura |
Cos. 71, Pr. 63 |
Execution |
Executed by order of Cicero for complicity in the Catiline conspiracy |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.4-6; Sall.
Cat. 55; Liv.
Per. 102; Plut.
Cat. Min 26, Cic.
22; Cass.
Dio.37.39; Vell.
Pat. 2.34.4 |
|
C. Cornelius Cethegus |
|
Execution |
Executed by order of Cicero for complicity in the Catiline conspiracy |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.4-6; Sall.
Cat. 55; Liv.
Per. 102; Plut.
Cic. 22; Vell.
Pat. 2.34.4 |
|
L. Statilius |
|
Execution |
Executed by order of Cicero for complicity in the Catiline conspiracy |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.4-6; Sall.
Cat. 55; |
|
P. Gabinius Capito (C. Gabinius Cimber?) |
|
Execution |
Executed by order of Cicero for complicity in the Catiline conspiracy |
Sall.
Cat. 55 |
|
M. Caeparius |
|
Execution |
Executed by order of Cicero for complicity in the Catiline conspiracy.
Additionally, 4 conspirators were ordered to be arrested and/or convicted
in absentia but the actual fate is unknown: L. Cassius Longinus, P. Furius,
P. Umbrenus, T. Annius. |
Sall.
Cat. 55 |
|
C. Manlius (Mallius) |
Legate of Catiline |
Battle |
Killed in battle with Cos. M. Petreius. |
Sall.
Cat. 60 |
|
L. Sergius Catilina |
Pr. 68 |
Battle |
Killed in battle with Cos. M. Petreius. |
Sall.
Cat. 61; Liv.
Per. 102; Cass.
Dio.37.39; Vell.
Pat. 2.35.5 |
|
L. Vettius |
|
Murder |
An equestrian partisan of Cicero in the Catiline affair. Murdered in
prison after giving testimony in the senate regarding a conspiracy to
kill Caesar and Pompeius Magnus. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.12; Plut.
Luc. 42; Cass.
Dio. 38.9, Cic., Att 2.24, Flac 96, Sest 132, Vatin 24-26; Suet.
Caes. 17, 20.5 |
|
M. Tullius Cicero |
Cos. 63 |
Exile |
Exiled by the machinations of the Tr. Pl. Clodius for his execution
of citizens without trial in the Catiline affair. Recalled the following
year. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.15,16; Liv.
Per. 103.9; Plut.
Cic. 32; Cass.
Dio 38.17; Vell.
Pat. 2.45 |
|
P. Clodius Pulcher |
Tr. Pl. 58, Aed. 56 |
Mob Violence |
Murdered by his street gang rival T. Annius Milo or his partisans. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.21; Liv.
Per. 107; Plut.
Cic. 35; Cass.
Dio 40.48; Vell
Pat. 47.4 |
|
T. Annius Milo (1) |
Tr. Pl. 57 |
Exile |
Exiled for the murder of P. Clodius. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.24; Liv.
Per. 107; Plut.
Cic. 35; Cass.
Dio 40.53; Vell
Pat. 47.4 |
|
A. Gabinius |
Tr. Pl. 66, Pr. 61, Cos. 59 |
Exile |
Exiled for making indiscretionary war and accepting bribes while proconsul
in Syria. Recalled by C. Iulius Caesar in 49/48. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.24, 48;
Cass.
Dio 39.63 |
|
P. Plautius Hypsaeus |
Tr. Pl. 54 |
Exile |
A supporter of Clodius in the street warfare between he and Milo, exiled
for election bribery. Recalled by C. Iulius Caesar in 49/48. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.24, 48;
Cass.
Dio 40.53 |
|
C. Memmius Gemellus |
Tr. Pl. 66, Pr. 58 |
Exile |
Exiled for election bribery. Recalled by C. Iulius Caesar in 49/48. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.24, 48 |
|
M. Aemilius Scaurus |
Pr. 56 |
Exile |
Exiled for election bribery. Recalled by C. Iulius Caesar in 49/48. |
App.
Civ. Wars. 2.24, 48 |
|
T. Munatius Plancus Bursa |
Tr. Pl. 52 |
Exile |
Condemned as a supporter of Clodius for his role in the street violence
between he and Milo. Restored by Caesar c. 48. |
Cass.
Dio 40.55; Plut.
Pomp. 55; Cic. ad Att. VI.1, ad Fam. XII.18, Phil. VI.4, X.10, XI.
6, XII.8, XIII. 12 |
|
Q. Pompeius Rufus Minor |
Tr. Pl. 52 |
Exile |
Condemned as a supporter of Clodius for his role in the street violence
between he and Milo. |
Cass.
Dio 40.55; Cic. ad Q. Fr. III.2, ad Att. IV.16. |
|
Q. Fulgenius |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer killed at Ilerda, Hispania |
Caes.
Civ. War 1.46 |
|
Ti. Caecilius |
|
Battle |
Pompeian Primus Pilus killed at Ilerda, Hispania |
Caes.
Civ. War 1.46 |
|
C. Scribonius Curio |
Tr. Pl. 50 |
Battle |
A supporter of Caesar, killed in battle against the Pompeian general
P. Attius Varus and the Numidian King Juba in Africa. |
App.
Civ. Wars 2.45; Cass.
Dio 41.41; Caes.
Civ. War 2.42; Suet.
Caes. 36 |
|
L. Racilius |
Tr. Pl. 56 |
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
L. Iuventius Laterensis |
Legate of Q. Cassius Longinus |
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
Annius Scapula |
Legate of Q. Cassius Longinus |
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
Minutius Silo |
|
Mutiny |
A client of Racilius. Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor
of Hispania Q. Cassius Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
Munatius Plancus |
|
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
T. Vasius |
|
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
L. Mergilio |
|
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
L. Licinius Squillus |
|
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
Manilius Tusculus |
|
Mutiny |
Failed conspirator against the Caesarian governor of Hispania Q. Cassius
Longinus. Executed by Longinus. |
Caes.(Hirt.)
Alex. War 55 |
|
L. Calpurnius Bibulus |
Cos. 59 |
Battle |
Died of sickness while in command of the Republican fleet in the Adriatic.
Despite "natural causes" Caesar suggests that Bibulus' death
was due to the stress of his command in the civil war. |
Caes.
Civ. War. 3.18 |
|
T. Annius Milo (2) |
Tr. Pl. 57 |
Execution |
Killed by Pr. Q. Pedius after declaring himself a legate for Pompeius
Magnus in the civil war. |
Liv.
Per. 111; Cass.
Dio. 42.25;
Caes. Civ. War. 3.22 |
|
M. Caelius Rufus |
Pr. 48 |
Execution |
Provoked riots in Rome, fled the city and joined Milo. Killed by Pr.
Q. Pedius. |
Liv.
Per. 111; Cass.
Dio. 42.25; Caes.
Civ. War. 3.22 |
|
V. Flaccus |
|
Battle |
Son of Pr. L. Flaccus. Caesarian officer killed at Dyrrachium |
Caes.
Civ. War 3.53 |
|
A. Granius (Gravius?) |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer of equestrian rank killed at Dyrrachium. |
Caes.
Civ. War. 3.71 |
|
F. Tuticanus Gallus |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer, a senator's son, killed at Dyrrachium. |
Caes.
Civ. War. 3.71 |
|
C. Felginus |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer of equestrian rank killed at Dyrrachium. |
Caes.
Civ. War. 3.71 |
|
M. Sacrativir |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer of equestrian rank killed at Dyrrachium. |
Caes.
Civ. War. 3.71 |
|
Crastinus |
|
Battle |
Caesarian officer killed at Pharsalus |
Caes.
Civ. War 3.99 |
|
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus |
Cos. 54 |
Battle |
Pompeian general killed at Pharsalus |
App.
Civ. Wars 2.82; Caes.
Civ. War 3.99 |
|
Cn. Pompeius Magnus |
Cos. 70, 55, 52 |
Murder |
Executed by agents of the Egyptian King Ptolemy XIII after escaping
from Pharsalus |
App.
Civ. Wars 2.85; Liv.
Per. 112, Plut.
Caes. 48, Pomp.
79; Cass.
Dio 42.4; Caes.
Civ. War. 3.104; Vell.
Pat. 2.53 |
|
L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus |
Cos. 49 |
Murder |
Followed Pompeius Magnus to Egypt and was captured and executed by
Ptolemy. |
Caes.
Civ. War 3.104; Val. Max. 1.8-9; Oros. 6.15; Plut.
Pomp. 80 |
|
Sex. Iulius Caesar |
|
Mutiny |
While in command of Caesarian forces in Syria, killed by his soldiers
at the instigation of rival Q. Caecilius Bassus. |
Caes.
Alex. War 66; Cass.
Dio. 47.26; App.
Civ. War. 3.77; Liv.
Per. 114 |
|
C. Consconius |
Tr. Pl. 59, Pr. ? |
Mutiny |
Killed in a mutiny of Caesar's army at Campania. |
Plut.
Caes. 51; Cass.
Dio. 42.52 |
|
Galba |
Pr.? |
Mutiny |
Killed in a mutiny of Caesar's army at Campania. |
Plut.
Caes. 51; Cass.
Dio. 42.52 |
|
M. Porcius Cato |
Tr. Pl. 62, Pr. 54 |
Suicide |
Committed suicide in Utica rather than allow capture by Caesar during
the civil war. |
App.
Civ. Wars 2.99; Liv.
Per. 114; Plut.
Cat. Min. 70-71; Cass.
Dio 43.11 |
|
M. Petreius |
Legate of Pompeius Magnus, Pr.? |
Suicide |
Committed suicide with Numidian King Juba after their defeat to Caesar
at Thapsus. |
App.
Civ. War 2.101; Suet.
Caes. 75; Caes.
(Hirt.) Afr.War 94; Liv.
Per. 114 |
|
L. Afranius |
Cos. 60 |
Murder |
Captured and killed by Caesarian forces (under P. Sittius) after initially
escaping from Thapsus. (Possibly ordered by C. Iulius Caesar) |
Caes
(Hirt.). Afr.War 95; Suet.
Caes. 75; Cass.Dio.
43.12; Liv.
Per. 114 |
|
F. Cornelius Sulla |
Qua. 54 |
Murder |
Son of the dictator. Captured with L. Afranius and executed by Caesarian
adherent P. Sittius or his soldiers. (Possibly ordered by C. Iulius Caesar) |
Caes
(Hirt.). Afr.War 95; Suet.
Caes. 75; Cass.Dio.
43.12; Liv.
Per. 114 |
|
L. Iulius Caesar |
Qua.46 |
Murder |
Captured with L. Afranius and executed by Caesarian adherent P. Sittius
or his soldiers. (Possibly ordered by C. Iulius Caesar) |
Suet.
Caes. 75; Cass.Dio.
43.12; Liv.
Per. 114; Plut.
Cat. Min. 66 |
|
Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio |
Cos. 52 |
Battle |
Killed in a fleet engagement after escaping capture by Caesar's army
at Thapsus, Africa. |
App.
Civ. Wars 2.100; Cass.
Dio 43.29; Caes
(Hirt). Afr. War 96 |
|
Licinius Damassipus |
|
Battle |
Killed along with Metellus Scipio in a fleet engagement after escaping
capture by Caesar's army at Thapsus, Africa. |
Caes
(Hirt). Afr. War 96 |
|
L. Torquatus |
Pr. 49 |
Battle |
Killed along with Metellus Scipio in a fleet engagement after escaping
capture by Caesar's army at Thapsus, Africa. |
Caes
(Hirt). Afr. War 96 |
|
Plaetorius Rustianus |
|
Battle |
Killed along with Metellus Scipio in a fleet engagement after escaping
capture by Caesar's army at Thapsus, Africa. |
Caes
(Hirt). Afr. War 96 |
|
M. Claudius Marcellus |
Cos. 51 |
Murder |
An anti-Caesarian living in voluntary exile after the defeat of the
Pompeians, was recalled to Rome by Caesar on the efforts of his kinsman
C. Marcellus. Murdered en route by his own servant P. Magius Chilo. Though
this may be completely apolitical in motivation the suspicion of Caesar
is evident enough to include him here. |
Liv.
Per. 115 |
|
P. Atius Varus |
Pr.? |
Battle |
Killed in or executed after the battle of Munda by Caesarians. |
App.
Civ. War 2.105; Caes
(Hirt) Span. War 31; Vell.
Pat. 2.55.4 |
|
T. Labienus |
Tr. Pl. 63 |
Battle |
Killed in or executed after the battle of Munda by Caesarians. |
App.
Civ. War 2.105; Caes
(Hirt) Span. War 31; Vell.
Pat. 2.55.4 |
|
T. Quintius Scapula |
Legate of Pompeius in Hispania |
Suicide |
Committed suicide by burning himself on a pyre after defeat to Caesar
at the battle of Munda. |
App.
Civ. War 2.105; Caes
(Hirt) Span. War 33 |
|
Cn. Pompeius Magnus Minor |
|
Murder |
Captured and executed by Caesarians (Caesennius. Lento) after the battle
of Munda |
App.
Civ. War 2.105; Liv.
Per. 115; Cass.
Dio. 43.40; Caes
(Hirt) Span. War 39; Vell.
Pat. 2.55.4 |
|
C. Didius |
Legate of Caesar |
Battle |
Killed in battle with the Lusitanian army of Pompeius Magnus Minor. |
Cass.
Dio. 43.40; Caes
(Hirt) Span. War 40 |
|
L. Caesetius Flavus |
Tr. Pl. 44 |
Exile |
Deposed from office of tribune by Dict. C. Iulius Caesar for public
opposition to symbols of monarchy. (Removal of the diadem from Caesar's
statues). Recalled after the assassination of Caesar by C. Cassius Longinus
and M. Iunius Brutus. |
App.
Civ. War 2.108; 122;
Liv.
Per. 116; Plut.
Caes. 61; Cass.
Dio 44.9; Suet.
Caes. 79 |
|
C. Epidius Marullus |
Tr. Pl. 44 |
Exile |
Deposed from office of tribune by Dict. C. Iulius Caesar for public
opposition to symbols of monarchy. (Removal of the diadem from Caesar's
statues). Recalled after the assassination of Caesar by C. Cassius Longinus
and M. Iunius Brutus. |
App.
Civ. War 2.108; 122;
Liv.
Per. 116; Plut.
Caes. 61; Cass.
Dio 44.9; Suet.
Caes. 79 |
| 44 |
C. Iulius Caesar |
Pont. Max. 63; Cos. 59, 48, 46, 45, 44; Dict. 48, 46, 45; Dict. Perp.
44 |
Murder |
Assassinated by members of the senate for aspirations to monarchy. |
App.
Civ. War 2.117; Liv.
Per. 116; Plut.
Caes. 66-67; Cass.
Dio 44.19; Suet.
Caes. 82; Vell.
Pat. 56.3 |