Chronology
of the Provincial Expansion of the Roman Empire |
| Year
of Earliest Influence |
Year
Made Official Province |
Province |
Influential
Events |
Fall
from Empire |
509
BC |
272
BC |
Italia
(Final Consolidation) |
Though not technically
a "province", it's included for contextual purposes. Beginning
of expansion after removal of the Etruscan Kings. Latin
Wars, Samnite
Wars, Pyrrhic
War. Additional consolidation of allied cities took place
after the 2nd Punic War. |
476 AD (Germanics) |
241
BC |
241
BC |
Sicilia |
C.
Lutatius Catulus - Conquest during the First
Punic War. Syracuse fell to Roman authority in 212
BC.
|
436 AD (Vandals) |
238
BC |
238
BC |
Sardinia
& Corsica
|
Invasions by L.
Cornelius Scipio during the 1st Punic War (259 BC). Annexed
as a result of Roman victory in that war 238 BC. |
436 AD (Vandals) |
206
BC |
197
BC |
Hispania
Ulterior (Later Baetica) |
P. Cornelius Scipio
Africanus - Second
Punic War. Largely Romanized after the conquest of the
Turdetani by Cato Major in the 190's BC and established as part
of Hispania Ulterior in 197 BC. Ulterior was split in two and
reorganized as Baetica by Augustus after 27 BC. |
409 AD (Alani, Seuvi,
Vandals, Visigoths) |
206
BC |
197
BC |
Hispania
Ulterior (Later Lusitania) |
Scipio Africanus
- 2nd Punic War. Established as part of Hispania Ulterior in
197 BC, though this province was particularly hostile until
final conquest in the 20's BC. Ulterior was split in two and
reorganized as Baetica by Augustus after 27 BC |
409 AD (Alani, Seuvi,
Vandals, Visigoths) |
206
BC |
197
BC |
Hispania
Citerior (Later Terraconensis) |
Scipio Africanus
- 2nd Punic War. Established as Hispania Citerior in 197 BC
before being reorganized as Tarraconensis after 27 BC by Augustus.
|
409 AD (Alani, Seuvi,
Vandals, Visigoths) |
202
BC |
146
BC |
Africa |
Though independent after
the 2nd Punic War, it was a tributary of Rome (202 BC). P. Cornelius
Scipio Aemilianus incorporated the province with victory in the
3rd Punic
War. Split into 2 provinces with Numidia by Septimius Severus
in AD 197. |
409 AD (Alani, Seuvi,
Vandals, Visigoths) |
202
BC |
81
BC |
Gallia
Cisalpina |
Conquered
during the Second
Punic War was established as a province in 81 BC. |
418 AD (Visigoths) |
188
BC |
AD
43 |
Lycia
& Pamphylia |
Client status after
the defeat of Antiochus III of Seleucia, reorganized by Pompey
(66 - 63 BC) but officially annexed by Claudius |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 14th Cent. AD |
188
BC |
133
BC |
Asia
Minor |
Several small kingdoms made up the entirety of what eventually became a combined Asia Minor. For the most part it held client status after
the defeat of Antiochus III of Seleucia 188 BC. One client, Pergamum, was willed to Rome
by King Attalus III in 133 BC, though it was distributed to other client states for governing. Parts of the province fell in and out of Roman control until after the conquests of Lucullus and Pompey (70's - 60's BC) |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 15th Cent. AD |
168
BC |
59
BC |
Illyricum
(Dalmatia) |
Occupied in part
in 168 BC after the Illyrian/Macedonian Wars, established as
a part of Cisalpine Gaul in 59 BC (Lex Vatinia) and eventually
established as Illyricum after 27 BC by Augustus. After revolts
in Pannonia were put down the province was reorganized as Dalmatia
in AD 9. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 14th Cent. AD |
168
BC |
148
BC |
Epirus |
Conquered by Aemilius
Paullus - 3rd
Macedonian War. Organized as a province with Macedonia
after the 4th war. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD |
168
BC |
AD
46 |
Thracia |
Client status established
sometime after the defeat of Macedonia in the 3rd Macedonian War,
though direct control was probably more assertive after the annexation
of Macedonia in 148 BC. Annexed by Claudius in AD 46 after the murder
of King Rhoemetalces by his wife. |
Remained partly
(Southern Thracia) with the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until
the 13th Cent. AD |
148
BC |
148
BC |
Macedonia |
Q.
Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus - 4th
Macedonian War Organized as a province with Epirus. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD |
146
BC |
27
BC |
Achaea |
4th
Macedonian War under Lucius Memmius, organized as an
official province by Octavian. Heavy influence as early as 196
BC after the defeat of Philip of Macedonia by T. Quictius Flaminius. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD |
121
BC |
121
BC |
Gallia
Transalpina (Narbonensis) |
Conquest of the
Allobroges by Domitius Ahenobarbus. |
418 AD (Visigoths) |
121
BC - 51 BC |
14
BC |
Alpes Maritimae |
Authority established
sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic
Wars. Officially made a province by Augustus in 14 BC. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
121
BC - 51 BC |
14
BC |
Alpes Graiae et
Poeniniae |
Authority established
sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic
Wars. Officially made a province by Augustus in 14 BC. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
121
BC - 51 BC |
AD
58 |
Alpes Cottiae |
Authority established
sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic
Wars. Formally Annexed by Nero by AD 58. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
106
BC |
197
AD |
Numidia |
Probable client status
dating from the end of the 2nd Punic War (202 BC) but definate regional
authority after the defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC. Incorporated as
a part of Africa after the death of King Bocchus II in 33 BC. Numidia
made it's own official province after Africa is split by Septimius
Severus in AD 197. |
5th Cent. AD (Vandals) |
106 BC |
AD 44 |
Mauretania
(Tingitana, Caesarensis) |
Some influence at least
since the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. King Bocchus was likely
established as client after the defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC, though
various tribes maintained independent kings in parts of the territory
(especially farther west). Formal annexation and split into 2 provinces
by Claudius. |
5th Cent. AD (Vandals) |
102
BC |
64
BC |
Cilicia |
Campaigns of Marcus
Antonius (grandfather of the triumvir) in 102 BC and official
recognition in 64 BC after Pompey. Various re-organizations
by Caesar, Augustus and Vespasian. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD and reincorporated
in the 9th. |
96
BC |
74
BC |
Cyrenaica |
Willed to Rome by
the Ptolemaic King Apion. Made a province in 74 BC and reorganized
by Pompey as a joint province with Crete in 66 BC. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD. |
74
BC |
64
BC |
Bithynia
et Pontus |
Bithynia ceded to
Rome by King Nicomedes IV in 74 BC, but was made a joint province
with Pontus by Pompey after victory over King Mithridates of
Pontus. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 15th Cent. AD |
68
BC |
66
BC |
Crete |
Failed invasion
of Marcus Antonius (father of the triumvir) in 74 and conquest
by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus between 68 and 63 BC.
Organized as a joint province with Cyrenaica by Pompeius Magnus |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 13th Cent. AD |
64
BC |
64
BC |
Syria |
Annexed by Pompey after
the Lex Gabinia but under some Roman influence since the defeat
of Antiochus III in 189 BC. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD |
64
BC |
30
BC |
Aegyptus |
Pompey established the
Ptolemies as nominal clients after the Lex Gabinia. Octavian annexed
the province as a personal possession in 30 BC. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 8th Cent. AD |
64
BC |
25
BC |
Galatia |
Established as a client
after the defeat of Mithridates and the reorganization of the east
by Pompey (Lex Gabinia). Annexed by Augustus after the death of
client king Amyntas in 25 BC. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD |
64
BC |
AD
6 |
Judaea |
Nominal client authority
after the eastern conquests of Pompey. Jewish kings
held client status even after the official incorporation of
the province in AD 6 and after the Flavian conquests of the 60's
- 70's AD (Agrippa II died AD 100). |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD |
64 BC |
AD 17 |
Cappadocia |
Some influence dating
to the Seleucid war of Antiochus III (189 BC), but authority
established after the defeat of Mithridates and Pompey's reorganization
of the east (64 BC). Official annexation under Tiberius after
the death of client king Archelaus. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD |
64
BC |
AD
114 |
Armenia |
Client status under
Pompey in 64 BC but that status was disputed with Parthia for
the next century. Annexed by Trajan in AD 114 upon deposing
King Chosroes. |
117 AD Withdrawal
by Hadrian, though disputed influence clearly remained. |
58
BC |
58
- 30 BC |
Cyprus |
Annexed based upon the
will of Ptolemy XII in 58, gifted to Cleopatra by M. Antonius (triumvir)
and re-annexed by Octavian in 30. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 12th Cent. AD |
54
BC |
AD 43 |
Britannia |
Arguable authority after
Caesar's invasions followed with conquest by Aulus Plautius and
annexation by Claudius. |
5th Cent. AD (Anglos
and Saxons) |
51
BC |
51
BC |
Gallia Aquitania
|
Caesar's Gallic
War. Additional conquest under Agrippa in 38 BC and provincial
re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces by Augustus after 27 BC. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
51
BC |
51
BC |
Gallia Belgica |
Caesar's
Gallic War. Provincial re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces
by Augustus after 27 BC. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
51
BC |
51
BC |
Gallia Celtica (Lugdenensis) |
Caesar's
Gallic War. Provincial re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces
by Augustus after 27 BC. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
27
BC |
27
BC |
Germania
Inferior & Superior |
Organized by Augustus
from the provinces of Gaul as a military buffer zone after 27
BC |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
50?
BC |
15
BC |
Noricum |
Had been an ally and
perhaps client since Caesar's Gallic wars. After a joint invasion
of Istria by the Noricans and the Pannonians was defeated by Publius
Silius in 16 BC Noricum was organized as a unique client kingdom
under the authority of a Roman governor. Made a traditional province
under Claudius in AD 40. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
35
BC |
AD
10 |
Pannonia
(Superior & Inferior) |
Campaigns of Octavian
in 35 BC, followed by those of Tiberius in 9 BC. Part of the
province was originally incorporated with Illyricum but was
split after the revolts that were eventually put down by Tiberius
in AD 9. Organized as Pannonia sometime after AD 10. Trajan
split Pannonia into Inferior and Superior between AD 102 and
107 to coincide with the conquest of Dacia. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
29
BC |
AD
6 |
Moesia
(Superior & Inferior) |
Campaigns of Marcus
Licinius Crassus (grandson of 1st triumvir). Organized as a
province by Augustus in AD 6. Split into 2 provinces by Domitian
in AD 85. |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
15
BC |
15
BC |
Raetia |
Augustus - Danube
campaigns of Tiberius & Drusus Germanicus |
5th Cent. AD (Germanic
tribes) |
AD
105 |
AD
105 |
Arabia
Petraea |
Conquest by A. Cornelius
Palma under Trajan. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 8th Cent. AD |
AD
106 |
AD
106 |
Dacia |
Conquest of Trajan.
Reorganized into 2 provinces by Hadrian and into 3 by Marcus
Aurelius. |
275 AD (Goths) |
AD
116 |
AD
116 |
Mesopotamia |
Campaigns of Trajan,
though disputed with Parthia/Persia and parts changed hands over
the course of the next 6 centuries. |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD |
AD
195 |
AD
195 |
Osrhoene |
Annexed by Severus
along with his reincorporation of Mesopotamia. Kings deposed
by Caracalla in AD 211 |
Remained part of
the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD |